- Home
- Courses
- Contemporary Media
- Recorded Music and Radio
- Printed music
- sheet music
- composers
- Tin Pan Alley
- Scott Joplin
- performers
- acoustic recording and playback
- phonograph
- gramophone
- Victrola
- Victor Talking Machine Company
- 1906
- Popular music
- 1920s
- Dixieland Jazz
- Movie showtunes
- African-American Blues
- Impact of Radio
- 1920s–1930s
- live music on the radio
- consumers bought fewer records
- radio listeners gradually bought records
- growth of Big Band
- Musical Genres
- Grand Ole Opry across radio stations in the South
- country and western
- electric blues
- rhythm and blues
- Rock ’n’ roll
- hybridizing
- blues
- country
- western swing
- rockabilly
- Bill Haley and the Comets, “Rock Around the Clock”
- Elvis Presley, “That’s All Right, Mama,” by Arthur “Big Boy” Crudup
- Recording Industry and Radio
- promotional device for selling records
- disc jockeys
- payola
- Record Boom
- advent of magnetic tape, 1947
- improved fidelity
- reduced costs
- facilitated editing
- new record formats
- 33-⅓ RPM 12-inch long-playing record
- 45 RPM 7-inch single
- longer songs
- more complex arrangements
- Segmentation
- growth of FM radio and record labels, 1970s
- new formats
- album-oriented rock
- Top 40
- rock oldies
- heavy metal
- adult contemporary
- R&B/urban
- disco
- country and western
- Compact Discs
- introduced 1982
- digital audio format and medium
- harsh and brittle sound
- surpassed vinyl and cassettes, 1990s
- Internet
- retail CD distribution
- radio stations moved online
- payment of copyright fees, 2002
- independent distribution of recordings without record labels acting as gatekeepers
- Digital Recording
- music consumers and producers
- recording on personal computers
- replacing specialized mixing and effects equipment
- deprecating recording studios
- Digital Recording Formats
- compression
- lossless recordings
- digital rights management
- copy protections
- Super Audio CD
- DVD Audio
- lessens utility
- Music on the Internet
- Napster
- Shawn Fanning, 1999
- exchange digital music as computer files over the Internet
- Recording Industry Association of America
- “stolen” music, not “shared"
- shut down various sharing sites
- Apple iTunes, $0.99 songs, 2003
- subscription music streaming services
- music in the cloud
- role of social media
- Recording Industry
- talent
- producers
- recording studios
- recording companies
- record labels
- distributors
- promoters
- retailers
- Recording Companies
- Big Three
- Sony-BMG
- Universal
- Warner Music Group
- all operate boutique labels
- gatekeepers
- which albums and songs to promote
- high “first copy” costs
- produce music videos
- Music Distribution
- disappearance of chain record retailers
- CDs
- online downloads
- streaming services
- Music Industry Associations
- RIAA: recording industry
- artists organizations
- ASCAP: American Society of Composers, Artists and Publishers
- BMI: Broadcast Music Incorporated
- collect royalties
- alternatives
- bootleg recordings
- Internet file sharing
- Creative Commons
- Music Industry Today
- largely consolidated and controlled by a few giants
- plagued by copyrights
- reuse for sampling and mashups
- distribution over the Internet
- recording artists are “starved”
- innovation
- direct-to-consumer releases
- Internet radio
- Radio Technology
- electromagnetism
- frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz)
- amplitude, measured in dB or watts
- transmission
- AM: amplitude modulaton
- FM: frequency modulation
- new forms
- HD radio: multicast streams
- satellite radio: geostationary transmissions
- Internet radio: packet audio over IP
- Wireless Telegraph
- first commercial use of radio
- Guglielmo Marconi
- point-to-point communication
- transmitted Morse Code
- matured: 1912 Titanic disaster
- centralized: 1920 RCA patent pool
- Broadcasting
- one-to-many
- Westinghouse
- Frank Conrad
- KDKA Pittsburgh
- explosive growth caused frequency interference
- Commerce Department issued licenses, 1923
- Commercial Broadcasting
- David Sarnoff, “household utility”
- advertising support
- AT&T
- toll broadcasting
- WEAF, 1922
- Radio Networks
- RCA established NBC, 1926
- Columbia Broadcasting System, 1927
- radio stations
- owned and operated
- affiliated stations
- Early Radio Programming
- news
- comedy
- variety shows
- soap operas
- detective dramas
- sports
- suspense
- action-adventure
- live music, not recorded
- Fall of Network Radio
- competition from television, 1948
- networks redirected resources to television
- TV becomes main source of mass entertainment
- Specialization of Radio
- national to local focus
- formats
- recorded music
- news and talk
- playlists of music
- genre or audience
- FM Radio
- emerged in 1960s
- high-fidelity sound
- short-range
- focus on segmented audiences
- new formats for subcultures
- advertisers sought subcultures
- Consolidation
- centrally produced program formats
- satellite distribution
- syndication programming
- group ownership
- Clear Channel and “regionalization”
- elimination of ownership restrictions
- Telecommunications Act of 1996
- supergroup owners
- Clear Channel, now iHeartMedia
- Radio in Digital Age
- satellite radio
- Internet radio
- podcasting
- cloud music services
- Radio Industry
- horizontal integration
- consolidated ownership
- group ownership
- vertical integration
- Noncommercial Radio
- focus
- education
- underappreciated music genres
- ethnic immigrant music
- news and public affairs
- owners
- universities
- foundations
- local nonprofits
- churches
- mostly lower-frequency FM stations
- Radio Formats
- music formats dominate radio
- format clock
- cycle of music
- advertisements
- promotions
- news, traffic, weather reports
- less rigidly followed than before
- commercial-free blocks to build listener loyalty
- Ratings
- audience research
- determine reach of desired audience
- Arbitron, now Neilsen
- paper diaries
- report usage of radio stations
- apps allow for more accurate and detailed ratings
- ratings can determine new formats
- Music Genres
- Country
- News/Talk/Information
- Adult Contemporary
- Contemporary Hit Radio
- Classic Rock
- Censorship
- radio is a scarce resource
- obscenity
- indecency
- sexual or excretory organs or activities