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- Week 3, Early Print
- The Gutenberg Myth
- Gutenberg did not invent printing
- Gutenberg did not invent the printing press
- Gutenberg did not invent typography
- Gutenberg did invent movable type with oil-based inks
- Printing was invented by Chinese (500) and Koreans (1234)
- Gutenberg’s first printing, around 1440
- Gutenberg Bible, 1456
- Paper
- Egyptians: Papyrus
- Chinese: Bamboo
- Europeans: Parchment and Cloth
- Languages
- Ideograms
- served illiterate peoples
- drawing of a pig signified butcher shop
- Classical
- Latin
- borderless language for scholars
- Vernacular
- German, French, English, etc.
- codified in print
- grammar and spelling signified national boundaries
- Subjects
- print allowed texts to move from sacred to ordinary subjects
- manuscripts: sacred texts
- specialized books: medicine, science, philosophy
- education books: alphabet, grammar, law books
- Feudalism
- nobility
- merchant
- peasants
- Reformation
- Martin Luther
- protested indulgences, Mainz, Germany, c. 1517
- print as mass medium: pamphlets, posters, and drawings
- translated New Testament to vernacular German
- John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli
- Swiss leaders of the Reformation
- led many Christians to separate from the Church
- new Protestant sects
- vernacular translations of the Bible
- Church Reformation
- internal reforms
- rigorous training for clergy
- Catholic Counter-Reformation
- England
- Henry VIII: Act of 1543 banned unlicensed use of Bibles
- Elizabeth I: reforms eased restrictions
- James I: King James Bible, 1611
- Renaissance
- rebirth
- art and architectural movement
- classical literature of Greece and Rome to Western Europe
- secular and humanist books
- reason
- literature
- secular moral thinking
- Greek politics
- Revolution
- Scientific
- astronomy
- geography
- medicine
- mathematics
- philosophy
- Enlightenment
- reason
- analysis
- individualism
- Encyclopedie
- French Revolution
- Print in Colonial America
- British colony
- most early newspapers came from Europe
- print required licenses to print
- published “by authority” of British crown
- New England Courant
- James Franklin, 1721
- published without authority
- ceased publication after one issue
- Pennsylvanian Gazette
- Benjamin Franklin
- essays
- careful not to offend the Crown
- established postal system
- American Magazine
- Andrew Bradford, 1741
- collection of essays, fiction, and other collected prose
- lasted only three months
- Postal system
- John Peter Zenger
- New York Weekly Journal
- openly criticized British governor of New York, 1733
- charged with libel, 1735
- Alexander Hamilton: truth is defense of libel
- Stamp Act, 1765
- all printed matter
- paper from London
- tax affected printing: some stopped, some hid, some scofflaw
- inspired rebellion
- American Revolution
- Patriots versus Loyalists
- Newspapers in the United States
- European Newspapers
- Antwerp, Belgium, weekly, 1605
- Leipszig, Germany, daily, 1650
- Daily Courant, first English daily newspaper, 1702
- Free Speech
- Bill of Rights, 1791
- Sedition Act, 1798
- supported by Federalists, who wanted to wage war with France
- Sedition Act expired after two years
- US nationalism
- connected pioneers in Westward expansion
- connected readers across the growing of nation