1. European magazines
    • 1.1 originated in Europe in 1700s
    • 1.2 magasin: storehouse of reprinted content from other sources
    • 1.3 elegant and amusing writings
      • Literature
      • Politics
      • Music
      • Theater
      • Personalities
  2. American miscellanies
    • 2.1 variety of content
    • 2.2 pappeal to small, far-flung audiences
    • 2.3 short-lived due to American Revolution
      • too few readers
      • high costs of publishing
      • expensive distribution
  3. American partisan magazines of the 18th century
    • 3.1 William Bradford’s American Magazine
    • 3.2 Ben Franklin’s General Magazine and Historical Chronicle
    • 3.3 Thomas Paine’s Pennsylvania Magazine
  4. Popular 19th Century Magazines
    • 4.1 Mass Production
      • machine printing
      • lowered cost per issue to 35 cents
      • increased reach
    • 4.2 Enhanced Magazine Covers
      • artistic drawings
      • color images
      • article teaser
    • 4.3 Advertising
      • lowered cost per issue
      • more revenue for magazines
      • more pages for advertising and editorial content
  5. Consumerism
    • 5.1 mass-produced goods
    • 5.2 department stores
    • 5.3 catalogs
    • 5.4 advertising created a connection between consumers and mass producers
  6. Photography
    • 6.1 wet process photography
    • 6.2 roll film
    • 6.3 half-toning
    • 6.4 photojournalism
  7. 20th Century Urbanization
    • 7.1 industrialization
      • more factories and foundries
      • assembly line production
      • workers
      • leisure time
    • 7.2 growing urban society
      • immigration
      • assimilation
    • 7.3 reading grew as a mass medium
  8. Muckraking
    • 8.1 Progressive Era
    • 8.2 Titles
      • McClures
      • Colliers
    • 8.3 Important Works
      • Ida Tarbell
      • Great American Fraud
      • Senators
      • Daughters of the Poor
      • The Jungle
    • 8.4 Reforms
      • Anti Trust against Standard Oil
      • Pure Food and Drug Act
      • Amendment requiring direct election of senators
      • Mann Act against White Slavery
      • Meat Inspection Act
  9. General Interest Magazines
    • 9.1 Saturday Evening Post
    • 9.2 Ladies Home Journal
    • 9.3 newsmagazines
    • 9.4 Time (1923)
    • 9.5 Life (1936)
    • 9.6 Reader’s Digest (1922)