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- Media Technologies: Class 4, Newspapers
- 1 Traditional Information Networks
- 1.1 Catholic Church
- 1.2 Political State
- 1.3 Commercial Activity
- 1.4 Traveling Networks
- 2 15th and 16 Century Networks Changes
- 2.1 postal networks
- 2.2 printed newspapers
- reliable supply of news
- “corantos”
- postmaster’s news
- foreign news
- low circulation
- 2.3 Domestic Newspapers in England
- Star Chamber decree, 1586
- licensed and censored newspapers
- Samuel Buckley’s Daily Courant (1702)
- Stamp Act, 1712: tax on newspapers
- 2.4 Enlightenment: freedom of press
- England
- philosophers: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill
- liberal democracy
- United States
- Constitution
- First Amendment
- France
- French Revolution, 1789
- Declaration of Human Rights
- 3 Early American Newspapers
- 3.1 needed blessing and approval from the British Crown
- 3.2 Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic (1690)
- Benjamin Harris
- scandalized stories
- shut down after one issue
- 3.3 Boston News-Letter (1704)
- John Campbell
- received blessing of the British Crown
- thrived for 72 years, until Independence
- 3.4 New England Courant
- James Franklin
- had no authority
- jailed and forbidden to publish
- passed to brother Benjamin
- 3.5 Pennsylvanian Gazette
- Ben Franklin’s paper
- published articles about independence
- 4 Partisan Press
- 4.1 John Peter Zenger
- New York Weekly Journal
- openly criticized British governor of New York (1733)
- charged with libel
- argued that truth was the defense of libel
- 4.2 Benjamin Franklin
- Join or Die cartoon (1754)
- urged colonies to unite against the British
- 4.3 political press built support for the American revolution
- defined the role of the free press
- published Declaration of Independence (1776)
- covered debates over the Constitution (1787)
- 4.4 First Amendment
- protection of freedom of speech and freedom of the press
- 4.5 Sedition
- speech that undermines the government
- Alien and Sedition Act
- passed 1798
- Federalists
- combat opposition to going to war with France
- were not renewed in 1800
- functions as a limitation to a free press
- 5 Industrialization
- 5.1 technological innovations
- 5.2 lower cost
- 5.3 broader audiences
- not just elites
- non-partisan
- urban audiences become newspapers readers
- 6 Penny Press
- 6.1 Newspapers become Mass Media
- mid–1800s
- United States and Britain
- reached larger audience
- reached across party lines
- spoke a common language
- 6.2 New York Sun
- launched 1833
- Benjamin Day
- sold for a penny
- advertising
- recruited newsboys
- 6.3 New York Herald
- launched 1858
- published news promptly
- daily coverage
- business
- sports
- women’s news
- advertising
- classified advertising
- required new ads everyday
- 6.4 Telegraph
- Samuel Morse (1844)
- first time communication faster than travel
- increased speed and reach of news gathering
- 6.5 Associated Press
- wire services
- founded 1848
- New York newspapers share news
- sold news to distant newspapers
- 6.6 Civil War
- covered debate over slavery
- provided “immediate” news of the conflict
- expanded readership
- 7 New Journalism
- 7.1 competition
- large headlines
- gossip
- emotional pictures
- 7.2 coverage
- more news: latest event of the day
- less editorials and essays
- 7.3 anti-corruption
- New York Times (1870) campaigned against Boss Tweed
- Harpers Weekly political cartoons denounced corrupt
politicians
- 7.4 photographs
- photographic printing (1880)
- text and photographs on the same page
- 8 Yellow Press
- 8.1 Circulation War
- William Randolph Hearst
- Joseph Pulitzer
- “Yellow Kid”
- 8.2 Pulitzer
- Hungarian immigrant
- St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1878)
- New York World
- purchased 1883
- underdog’s newspaper
- hired Nellie Bly
- 8.3 Hearst
- bought New York Journal (1895)
- imitated success of Pulitzer
- Spanish-American War
- spectacular coverage of the USS Maine
- blamed Spanish for explosion in Havana
- 8.4 Competition
- revenue and profit based on advertising and subscriptions
- can’t compete on price, compete with product
- sensational photos and headlines
- crime
- disaster
- scandals
- intrigue
- personality and human interest stories
- hoaxes and fake interviews
- formidable competition in over-saturated newspaper markets
- 8.5 Adolph Ochs
- bought New York Times (1896)
- deliberately avoided tactics of the Yellow press
- stressed objectivity
- reports for business, legal professions, political leaders
- book and theater reviews
- general audience and intellectuals
- “won’t soil the breakfast cloth”
- introduced “inverted pyramid” style
- 8.6 Legacy
- muckrakers
- Progressive Era
- expose-and-reform cycle
- 9 Peak of American Newspapers
- 9.1 Between 1890 and 1920
- 1,967 English-language dailies
- 562 cities
- New York had 29 daily newspapers
- 9.2 major players
- Hearst
- Scripps-Howard
- Harry Chandler (Times-Mirror)
- Frank Gannett (Gannett)
- John Knight (Knight-Ridder)
- 9.3 mergers and consolidation
- many newspapers closed after 1920
- concerns about monopolies and oligopolies
- news wire services
- Associated Press
- United Press
- International News Service
- 9.4 Social Responsibility
- monitor the ethics of their own writing
- professionalization
- college education
- code of ethics
- 10 Competition
- 10.1 radio
- late 1920s
- more current headlines
- 10.2 Interpretative Journalism
- Walter Winchell
- “Responsibilities of the Press”
- to make a current record
- to make a running analysis
- on the basis of both, to suggest plans
- 10.3 television
- could show pictures, like newspapers
- newspapers remained social and political institutions