Juan Monroy — Media Technologies: Class 9, Movies

Invention of Cinema
- 1.1 Motion Pictures
  - Muybrdige’s zoopraxiscope
  - Marey’s photo gun
  - Goodwin’s celluloid film
  - Eastman’s roll film
- 1.2 Kinetograph
  - Thomas Edison
  - WKL Dickson
  - 1891
- 1.3 Kinetoscope
  - 1894
  - peep show
  - parlors
  - 25¢ for five one-minute reels
- 1.4 Cinematographe
  - Auguste and Louis Lumiere
  - camera and projector
  - public screening
  - Grand Cafe screenings, 1895
- 1.5 Vitagraph
  - Edison acquired patents
  - projector
- 1.6 Nickelodeons
  - theaters devoted to only motion pictures
  - nickel to dime admission cost
  - popular among working class immigrants
  - insatiable appetite for movies
  - intense competition
Motion Picture Patents Company
- 2.1 Edison
- 2.2 Latham Loop
- 2.3 Patent Pool
- 2.4 Standards
  - one-reel films
  - exclusive production agreements
  - anonymous actors
Independents
- 3.1 exhibitors and distributors
  - Carl Laemmle
  - William Fox
  - Marcus Loew
  - Adolf Zukor
- 3.2 feature films
  - Queen Elizabeth
- 3.3 stars
  - Sarah Bernhardt
  - Florence Lawrence
  - Mary Pickford
Studio System
- 4.1 vertical integration
- 4.2 production
  - assembly line production
- 4.3 distribution
  - block booking
- 4.4 exhibition
  - price discrimination
  - first-run picture palaces
Coming of Sound
- 5.1 challenges to film sound
  - amplification
  - synchronization
  - little interest among majors
- 5.2 sound-on-film
  - Phonofilm
    - Lee DeForest
    - Theodore Case
  - solved synchronization
  - poor sound fidelity
  - Fox-Movietone
- 5.3 sound-on-disc
  - Western Electric
    - public address system
    - condensor microphone
  - superior amplification and fidelity
  - inferior distribution, synchronization, editing
  - Warner Brothers’ Vitaphone
- 5.4 reorganized studio system
  - Big Five
    - MGM
    - Paramount
    - Warner Brothers
    - 20th Century-Fox
    - Radio Keith Orpheum
  - Little Three
    - Universal
    - Columbia
    - United Artists
Television
- 6.1 Radio Corporation of America
- 6.2 World’s Fair 1939
- 6.3 Post World War II growth
  - suburbanization
  - nuclear families
  - rapid adoption
- 6.4 Competition
  - widescreen cinema
  - color
- 6.5 Cooperation
  - movie rentals for television
  - television program production
Conglomeration
- 7.1 MCA-Universal
- 7.2 Warner Communications
- 7.3 Film executives vs. Filmmakers
Hollywood Auteurs
- 8.1 Foreign film
- 8.2 Competition of Television as Mass Medium
- 8.3 Rating System
- 8.4 New Hollywood 1970s
  - Francis Ford Coppola
  - Martin Scorsese
- 8.5 End of New Hollywood, 1979
  - Apocalypse Now
  - Heaven’s Gate
  - retrenchment of studios