Juan Monroy — Class 2, Technology and Beyond

Sound and Image
- recorded sound
  - nature: vibrational energy
  - phonograph/gramophone: mechanical
  - electronic: audio
- motion pictures
  - nature: light energy
  - film: photochemical
  - electronic: video
facsimile
- fidelity
  - faithfulness
- transduction
  - energy
    - sound vibrations
    - light beams
  - electronic signal
    - analog of the original
    - audio
    - video
  - digital bits and bytes
    - binary code
      - 1
      - 0
    - video and audio => computable numbers
oscillation
- sound vibrations and light beams
- waveform
- wavelength
  - speed
  - frequency
  - Hertz
- wave height
  - intensity
  - amplitude
  - dB for audio
  - lumens for video
  - watts for transmission
signal generation
- audio
  - microphones
    - dynamic
    - diaphragm
    - electromagnet
    - voice coil
  - audio frequency response
    - audible range
      - 20–20,000 Hz
      - lower frequencies: bass
      - high frequencies: treble
    - effect on fidelity
      - lower frequencies: muffled sound
      - high frequencies: tinny sound
  - digital audio
    - sound transduced into electrical current
    - converted to samples
    - quantization: coded and stored as binary data
    - compressed for storage and transmission
- video
  - scanning
    - horizontal
    - tracing/retracing
    - photons to electrical signal
  - interlacing
    - fields
      - odd
      - even
    - frames
      - odd fields
      - even fields
  - analog standards
    - National Television Systems Committee
      - US, most of the Americas, and some Asian nations
      - 525-lines
      - 60 Hz – 60 fields per sec
      - 30 frames per sec
    - Phase Alternating Line
      - mostly European nations
      - 625-lines
      - 50 Hz – 50 fields per sec
      - 25 frames per sec
  - digital television
    - Advanced Television Systems Committee
    - high definition
      - 1080-lines
      - 1920 pixels per line
      - 60 Hz
    - progressive scanning
    - variable aspect ratio
      - 4:3
      - 16:9
amplification and processing
- audio
  - amplifier
    - change amplitude
    - vacuum tube
    - transistors
    - integrated circuits
  - mixing consoles
    - change frequencies
    - multiple channels
    - mixdown to one (mono) or two (stereo) channels
  - digital audio processing
    - computer programs
    - computable bits
    - mathematically change binary
- video
  - switcher
  - fader
  - [chroma] keying
  - electronic video effects
  - digital video processing
    - Final Cut Pro
    - Avid Media Composer
transmission
- wired
  - copper
    - oldest transmission wire for electrical signal
    - common uses
      - telegraph
      - telephone
      - electrical current
      - cable TV
      - computer networking
    - inexpensive
    - reliable
    - resists interference
  - fiber-optic
    - glass tubes
    - carry light pulses
    - binary data
    - high-speed
    - long-distance
    - expensive
- wireless
  - radio
  - electromagnetic spectrum
    - carrier waves
    - modulation
    - various frequencies
    - effective radiated power
  - broadcast radio
    - amplitude modulation
      - 540 – 1610 KHz
      - clear channel
      - regional channels
      - local channels
    - frequency modulation
      - 88–108 Mhz
      - 200 KHz bandwidth
    - channel separation
      - avoid interference
    - sidebands
      - stereo multiplexing
      - HD subchannels
  - broadcast television
    - television channels
      - NTSC
      - 6 MHz bandwidth
    - VHF band
      - channels 2–13
    - UHF band
      - channels 14–83
  - satellite
    - C-band
    - Ku-band
    - direct broadcast satellite
      - 1994
      - Ka-band
      - DirecTV
      - Dish
    - digital audio broadcasting
      - 2002
      - XM Radio
      - Sirius
  - cellular radio
    - GSM: Global System Mobile
    - CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
  - WiFi
    - 802.11 standard
    - 2.6 or 5.2 GHz
  - Internet
    - protocols
      - TCP
      - IP
      - Ethernet
      - WiFi
    - packet switching
    - relay
      - routers
      - hops
reception
- radio receivers
  - AM
  - FM
  - satellite radios
- television receivers
  - NTSC: analog television
  - ATSC: digital television
storage and retrieval
- phonographic/gramophonic records
- magnetic tape
- magnetic hard disk
- magnetic video tape
- 2-inch open reel
  - AMPEX
  - 1956
- ¾ inch VTR
- home videocassettes
  - ½ inch videotape
  - Betamax
    - Sony
    - 1976
  - VHS
    - Matsushita
    - 1977
- digital videotape
  - MiniDV
  - DVCAM
  - HDV
- optical disks
  - Compact Disk
    - red-light laser
    - 800 MB storage
    - uncompressed digital audio
  - Digital Versatile Disk
    - white-light laser
    - 5 GB storage
    - SD digital video
    - fasted adopted media recording technology
    - 90% penetration by 2002 (five years)
  - Blu-ray
    - Sony
    - blue-light laser
    - 50 GB storage
    - HD digital video
- digital video recorder
  - hard-disk drive recorder
  - personal video recorder
  - time-shifted viewing