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Introduction to Electronic Media
Class 2, Technology and Beyond
Class 2, Technology and Beyond
Sound and Image
recorded sound
nature: vibrational energy
phonograph/gramophone: mechanical
electronic: audio
motion pictures
nature: light energy
film: photochemical
electronic: video
facsimile
fidelity
faithfulness
transduction
energy
sound vibrations
light beams
electronic signal
analog of the original
audio
video
digital bits and bytes
binary code
1
0
video and audio => computable numbers
oscillation
sound vibrations and light beams
waveform
wavelength
speed
frequency
Hertz
wave height
intensity
amplitude
dB for audio
lumens for video
watts for transmission
signal generation
audio
microphones
dynamic
diaphragm
electromagnet
voice coil
audio frequency response
audible range
20–20,000 Hz
lower frequencies: bass
high frequencies: treble
effect on fidelity
lower frequencies: muffled sound
high frequencies: tinny sound
digital audio
sound transduced into electrical current
converted to samples
quantization: coded and stored as binary data
compressed for storage and transmission
video
scanning
horizontal
tracing/retracing
photons to electrical signal
interlacing
fields
odd
even
frames
odd fields
even fields
analog standards
National Television Systems Committee
US, most of the Americas, and some Asian nations
525-lines
60 Hz – 60 fields per sec
30 frames per sec
Phase Alternating Line
mostly European nations
625-lines
50 Hz – 50 fields per sec
25 frames per sec
digital television
Advanced Television Systems Committee
high definition
1080-lines
1920 pixels per line
60 Hz
progressive scanning
variable aspect ratio
4:3
16:9
amplification and processing
audio
amplifier
change amplitude
vacuum tube
transistors
integrated circuits
mixing consoles
change frequencies
multiple channels
mixdown to one (mono) or two (stereo) channels
digital audio processing
computer programs
computable bits
mathematically change binary
video
switcher
fader
[chroma] keying
electronic video effects
digital video processing
Final Cut Pro
Avid Media Composer
transmission
wired
copper
oldest transmission wire for electrical signal
common uses
telegraph
telephone
electrical current
cable TV
computer networking
inexpensive
reliable
resists interference
fiber-optic
glass tubes
carry light pulses
binary data
high-speed
long-distance
expensive
wireless
radio
electromagnetic spectrum
carrier waves
modulation
various frequencies
effective radiated power
broadcast radio
amplitude modulation
540 – 1610 KHz
clear channel
regional channels
local channels
frequency modulation
88–108 Mhz
200 KHz bandwidth
channel separation
avoid interference
sidebands
stereo multiplexing
HD subchannels
broadcast television
television channels
NTSC
6 MHz bandwidth
VHF band
channels 2–13
UHF band
channels 14–83
satellite
C-band
Ku-band
direct broadcast satellite
1994
Ka-band
DirecTV
Dish
digital audio broadcasting
2002
XM Radio
Sirius
cellular radio
GSM: Global System Mobile
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
WiFi
802.11 standard
2.6 or 5.2 GHz
Internet
protocols
TCP
IP
Ethernet
WiFi
packet switching
relay
routers
hops
reception
radio receivers
AM
FM
satellite radios
television receivers
NTSC: analog television
ATSC: digital television
storage and retrieval
phonographic/gramophonic records
magnetic tape
magnetic hard disk
magnetic video tape
2-inch open reel
AMPEX
1956
¾ inch VTR
home videocassettes
½ inch videotape
Betamax
Sony
1976
VHS
Matsushita
1977
digital videotape
MiniDV
DVCAM
HDV
optical disks
Compact Disk
red-light laser
800 MB storage
uncompressed digital audio
Digital Versatile Disk
white-light laser
5 GB storage
SD digital video
fasted adopted media recording technology
90% penetration by 2002 (five years)
Blu-ray
Sony
blue-light laser
50 GB storage
HD digital video
digital video recorder
hard-disk drive recorder
personal video recorder
time-shifted viewing