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- Introduction to Electronic Media
- Electronic Media: Class 9, Multichannel TV and After
- 1 Competition
- 1.1 new broadcast networks
- 1.2 cable television networks
- 1.3 digital screens
- 2 Deregulation
- 2.1 Mark Fowler
- 2.1.1 commissioner of the FCC under Reagan
- 2.1.2 “toaster with pictures”
- 2.2 philosophies (Hilmes)
- 2.2.1 scarcity vs. diversity
- 2.2.2 public resource vs. private competition
- 2.2.3 intrusiveness vs. innovation
- 3 End of the Fairness Doctrine
- 3.1 Mayflower decision 1941
- 3.1.1 broadcasters cannot be an advocate
- 3.1.2 ascertainment: broadcasters had to cover controversial issues
important to the community
- 3.1.3 broadcasters had to seek alternative, well-rounded viewpoints
- 3.2 Red Lion decision, 1969
- 3.2.1 upheld the Fairness Doctrine over the first amendment
- 3.2.2 personal attack against a journalist, Fred Cook
- 3.2.3 television station refused to offer equal access to subject
of attack
- 3.3 repealed in 1987
- 3.3.1 channel universe had greatly expanded
- 3.3.2 chilling effect on broadcasters to cover controversial issues
- 3.4 marketplace of ideas
- 3.4.1 lack of balance
- 3.4.2 lack of controversial issue coverage
- 4 Fin-Syn
- 4.1 diversified nature of the television industry
- 4.2 foreign ownership of movie studios, television productions
- 4.3 1991: raised interest level to 40%
- 4.4 1993: FCC eliminated most rules within a two-year period
- 4.5 1995: the rules were official rescinded
- 5 PTAR
- 5.1 rules were similarly eliminated in 1995
- 5.2 networks and studios were mostly merging
- 5.3 networks-studios could air their own programming in pre-primetime
- 6 1990 Children’s Television Act
- 6.1 three hours per week
- 6.2 educational programming was generously defined
- 6.3 advertising limits
- 6.3.1 12 minutes per hour on weekdays
- 6.3.2 10.5 minutes per hour on weekends
- 7 1992 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act
- 7.1 set controls over cable pricing
- 7.2 impose MSO ownership restrictions
- 7.3 restrictions were soon repealed in favor of deregulated
competition
- 8 Mergers and Acquisitions
- 8.1 News Corp
- 8.1.1 Metromedia Television, 1985
- 8.1.2 20th Century-Fox, 1985
- 8.2 General Electric
- 8.2.1 RCA, 1986, acquires NBC
- 8.3 Sony
- 8.3.1 Columbia Records, 1986
- 8.3.2 Columbia Pictures, 1989
- 8.4 Universal Pictures
- 8.4.1 parent company is MCA
- 8.4.2 Matshushita Electronics buys MCA, 1991
- 8.4.3 Seagram buys MCA from Matsushita, 1995
- 8.5 Time Warner
- 8.5.1 merger, 1990
- 8.5.1.1 Time-Life, Inc.
- 8.5.1.2 Warner Brothers
- 8.5.2 becomes largest media conglomerate in the world
- 8.6 Viacom
- 8.6.1 acquires Blockbuster Video, 1994
- 8.6.2 acquires Paramount Pictures, 1994
- 8.7 Westinghouse
- 8.7.1 acquires CBS Network, 1995
- 8.8 Disney
- 8.8.1 buys Capital Cities, 1995
- 8.8.2 ABC Network
- 9 Synergy
- 9.1 story in Sports Illustrated
- 9.2 book published by Little Brown
- 9.3 selection by Literary Guild and Book-of-the-Month
- 9.4 reviewed by Time
- 9.5 movie by Warner Brothers
- 9.6 stars interviews in People and Life
- 9.7 spoofed in Mad
- 9.8 soundtrack on Atlantic Records
- 9.9 shown on HBO-Cinemax
- 9.10 distributed on Time Warner Cable
- 10 Broadcast TV Networks
- 10.1 Big Three
- 10.1.1 ABC
- 10.1.2 NBC
- 10.1.3 CBS
- 10.2 Primetime Share
- 10.2.1 91% in 1978
- 10.2.2 75% in 1986
- 10.2.3 30% in 2006
- 10.2.4 27% in 2011
- 10.3 Fox
- 10.3.1 News Corporation acquires, 1986
- 10.3.1.1 Metromedia Broadcasting
- 10.3.1.2 20th Century-Fox
- 10.3.2 fourth network
- 10.3.2.1 Joan Rivers Show (1986)
- 10.3.2.2 Tracey Ullman Show (1988)
- 10.3.2.3 The Simpsons (1989)
- 10.3.3 creamskimming
- 10.3.3.1 broadcast only during highest-viewed primetime
- 10.3.3.2 no daytime or fringe programming
- 10.3.3.3 no news
- 10.3.3.4 target men, aged 18–49
- 10.3.4 Programming
- 10.3.4.1 Late Night with Joan Rivers
- 10.3.4.2 Tracey Ullman Show
- 10.3.4.3 21 Jump Street
- 10.3.4.4 Married…with Children
- 10.3.4.5 America’s Most Wanted
- 10.3.4.6 In Living Color
- 10.3.5 Niche market
- 10.3.5.1 7-night schedule, 1992
- 10.3.5.2 young, black urban audience
- 10.3.6 Mainstream network, 1993–94
- 10.3.6.1 NFL’s NFC broadcast rights
- 10.3.6.2 NHL
- 10.3.6.3 Melrose Place
- 10.3.6.4 X-Files
- 10.4 WB Network
- 10.5 United Paramount Network
- 10.5.1 Viacom-Paramount, 1995
- 10.6 The CW
- 10.6.1 merger between WB and UPN netlets
- 10.6.2 announced January 2006
- 10.6.3 began airing in September 2006
- 10.6.4 youth audience network
- 10.7 MyNetwork TV
- 10.8 ION
- 11 Local TV Stations
- 11.1 Network O&O Stations
- 11.1.1 owned by networks
- 11.1.2 most profitable
- 11.1.3 limited by ownership restrictions
- 11.1.4 largest television markets
- 11.1.5 enjoy a steady of supply of programming
- 11.2 Major Network Affiliated Station
- 11.2.1 independently owned
- 11.2.2 affiliated with major networks
- 11.2.3 constitutes about 200 stations for each network
- 11.2.4 leaders in their community
- 11.3 Netlet Affiliated Stations
- 11.3.1 affiliates of newer networks
- 11.3.1.1 CW
- 11.3.1.2 MyNetworkTV
- 11.3.1.3 ION
- 11.4 Independent Stations
- 11.4.1 unaffiliated with a broadcast network
- 11.4.2 successful with off-network and first-run syndication
- 11.4.3 live sports and news programming
- 11.5 Low-Power TV Stations
- 11.5.1 authorized in 1982 by the FCC
- 11.5.1.1 retransmit other stations
- 11.5.1.2 originate their own programming
- 11.5.2 designed to increase minority ownership of TV
- 12 TV Group Ownership
- 12.1 ownership restrictions
- 12.1.1 prevent concentration of ownerships
- 12.1.2 7-station rule
- 12.1.3 12-stations in 1980s
- 12.2 current regulations
- 12.2.1 no numerical restrictions
- 12.2.2 cannot exceed 39% of market reach
- 12.3 largest group owners
- 12.3.1 CBS
- 12.3.2 ION Media
- 12.3.3 Fox
- 12.3.4 NBC
- 12.3.5 Tribune
- 12.3.6 ABC
- 12.3.7 Univision
- 12.3.8 Trinity
- 12.3.9 Gannett
- 12.3.10 Hearst-Argyle
- 13 Cable TV Stations
- 13.1 Broadcast
- 13.2 Ad-supported
- 13.3 Pay Cable
- 13.4 Superstation
- 13.5 PEG
- 14 Cable TV Stations
- 14.1 Programming
- 14.1.1 specialty services
- 14.1.2 “100 retail stores in a new mall”
- 14.1.3 over 300 national and 80 regional
- 14.2 Basic Cable Services
- 14.2.1 local and regional broadcast stations
- 14.2.2 “must-carry”
- 14.2.2.1 cable systems obligated to carry all the stations
available to their customers
- 14.2.2.2 declared unconstitutional in 1985
- 14.2.3 retransmission consent
- 14.2.3.1 broadcasters could receive compensation
- 14.2.3.2 exchanged transmission of other cable channels
- 14.2.3.3 growth of secondary cable networks
- 14.3 Ad-Supported Basic Cable Services
- 14.3.1 program services designed to reach cable audiences
- 14.3.2 carry national advertising
- 14.3.3 local advertising spots for sale
- 14.3.4 subscriber fees
- 14.3.5 Top Cable Nets
- 14.3.5.1 USA
- 14.3.5.2 TNT
- 14.3.5.3 ABC Family
- 14.3.5.4 TBS
- 14.3.5.5 Fox News
- 14.3.5.6 CNN
- 14.3.5.7 Cartoon Network
- 14.3.5.8 Lifetime
- 14.3.5.9 ESPN
- 14.4 Digital Services
- 14.4.1 increased channel capacity
- 14.4.2 more than 42 million customers in 2010
- 14.4.3 more channels for a higher fees to subscribers
- 14.5 Pay Services
- 14.5.1 additional services available to subscribers for additional
cost
- 14.5.2 “premium” programming
- 14.5.2.1 original programming
- 14.5.2.2 commercial free movies
- 14.5.2.3 home team sports
- 14.5.3 top pay-TV nets
- 14.5.3.1 HBO
- 14.5.3.2 Cinemax
- 14.5.3.3 Showtime
- 14.5.3.4 The Movie Channel
- 14.5.3.5 Starz
- 14.6 Speciality Services
- 14.6.1 public service
- 14.6.2 regional news channels
- 14.6.3 electronic programming guides
- 14.6.4 music channels
- 14.6.5 local government
- 14.6.6 local weather
- 14.6.7 Voice Over Internet Protocol
- 15 Cable TV Distribution
- 15.1 Homes Passed
- 15.1.1 all households that could subscribe to cable television
- 15.1.2 about 112 million homes passed
- 15.1.3 about 115 million total TV households
- 15.2 Cable Subscribers
- 15.2.1 basic penetration
- 15.2.2 rate of homes passed that take the cable
- 15.3 Pay Households
- 15.3.1 cable households that pay for additional pay services
- 15.3.2 about 52 million households
- 15.4 Multipay Households
- 15.4.1 households that pay for more than one service
- 15.4.2 bundle services
- 15.4.3 highest monthly bills
- 15.5 Pay-Per-View Services
- 15.5.1 ordering pay-per-view services
- 15.5.2 requires addressable converter boxes
- 16 Cable Ownership
- 16.1 no limit to how many systems (franchises) a company could operate
- 16.2 Cable System Ownership
- 16.3 Multiple System Ownership (MSO)
- 16.3.1 more than one system
- 16.4 Top MSOs
- 16.4.1 Comcast
- 16.4.2 DirecTV
- 16.4.3 Dish Network
- 16.4.4 Time Warner Cable
- 16.4.5 Cox Communications
- 16.4.6 Charter Communications
- 16.4.7 Cablevision
- 16.4.8 Verizon
- 16.4.9 AT&T, Inc.
- 16.4.10 Bright House Networks
- 17 Direct Broadcast Satellites
- 17.1 Duopoly
- 17.1.1 DirecTV (Fox)
- 17.1.2 Dish Network (Echostar)
- 17.2 accessible where cable might not be able to reach
- 17.3 digital services
- 17.3.1 digital video recorders
- 17.3.2 online video portal