Juan Monroy — Electronic Media: Digital Convergence

1 ARPANET
- 1.1 Advanced Research Projects Agency
  - branch of Defense department
  - started in 1958 in response to Sputnik launching
  - cooperated with research universities
  - headed by J.C.R. Licklider
- 1.2 distributed network
  - computer network
  - decentralized
  - designed to survive nuclear attack
- 1.3 first connection
  - between UCLA and Stanford
  - November 1969
  - message: “login”
  - resulted in both computers crashing
- 1.4 first public demonstration in 1972
  - email communication
  - internetting: a network of networks
2 Closed Networks
- 2.1 BITNET
  - email for university professors
- 2.2 USENET
  - discussion group system
- 2.3 NSFNet
  - National Science Foundation
  - 1986
  - merged existing networks
3 Bulletin Board Systems
- 3.1 exchange email
- 3.2 post opinions
- 3.3 upload and download information
4 Commercial Internet
- 4.1 NSF withdrew funding
- 4.2 opened network to commercial users in 1991
- 4.3 post Cold War
5 World Wide Web
- 5.1 Tim Berners-Lee
- 5.2 1991
- 5.3 hypertext markup language
- 5.4 World Wide Web
  - linked documents
  - transporting text documents across computer networks
6 Mosaic
- 6.1 Mark Anderseen
- 6.2 University of Illinois
- 6.3 first graphical world wide web browser
- 6.4 average computer user could browse the web
- 6.5 basis for Netscape (eventually Firefox)
7 Why the web succeeded?
- 7.1 cheap network access (for some)
  - modems
  - telephone network
  - local access telephone numbers
  - breakup of AT&T
- 7.2 easy to use
  - visual
  - point-and-click
  - hypertextual = rabbit hole
- 7.3 easy to produce web content
  - early web servers were sponsored (university, government, etc.)
  - free web server: Apache
  - HTML is markup, not a programming language
  - HTML is open source
8 Open Source
- 8.1 computer software
  - source code
  - computer language
  - compilers
  - executable files
- 8.2 open source
  - publicly available source code
  - contributions from many developers
  - Raymond: “the more eyeballs, all bugs are shallow”
  - Linux, Firefox, Apache
- 8.3 closed source
  - proprietary source code
  - small cadre of expert developers
  - release cycles
  - Microsoft, Adobe, Apple
9 Commons
- 9.1 Wikipedia
- 9.2 open-source encyclopedia
- 9.3 contrast with Encyclopedia Britannica
  - instant updates
  - ever expanding
  - unlimited scope
10 Web 2.0
- 10.1 social web
- 10.2 user-generated content
11 Intellectual Property
- 11.1 Copyright
  - Enlightenment philosophy
  - monopoly
    - reproduction
    - distribution
    - derivatives
  - antiquated policy
    - analog media
    - mass communication
- 11.2 Creative Commons
  - Lawrence Lessig, 2002
  - share
  - distribute
12 podcasting
- 12.1 RSS standard
- 12.2 iPodder, 2005
13 broadcast radio stations online
14 choice-based
- 14.1 Pandora
- 14.2 Last.fm
- 14.3 Spotify
15 Digital Video
- 15.1 commercial video sites
  - Hulu
- 15.2 video sharing sites
  - YouTube
  - Vimeo
16 Digital Everywhere
- 16.1 digital media
- 16.2 mobile devices
- 16.3 wireless broadband
- 16.4 open access