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- Introduction to Electronic Media
- Electronic Media: Digital Convergence
- 1 ARPANET
- 1.1 Advanced Research Projects Agency
- branch of Defense department
- started in 1958 in response to Sputnik launching
- cooperated with research universities
- headed by J.C.R. Licklider
- 1.2 distributed network
- computer network
- decentralized
- designed to survive nuclear attack
- 1.3 first connection
- between UCLA and Stanford
- November 1969
- message: “login”
- resulted in both computers crashing
- 1.4 first public demonstration in 1972
- email communication
- internetting: a network of networks
- 2 Closed Networks
- 2.1 BITNET
- email for university professors
- 2.2 USENET
- 2.3 NSFNet
- National Science Foundation
- 1986
- merged existing networks
- 3 Bulletin Board Systems
- 3.1 exchange email
- 3.2 post opinions
- 3.3 upload and download information
- 4 Commercial Internet
- 4.1 NSF withdrew funding
- 4.2 opened network to commercial users in 1991
- 4.3 post Cold War
- 5 World Wide Web
- 5.1 Tim Berners-Lee
- 5.2 1991
- 5.3 hypertext markup language
- 5.4 World Wide Web
- linked documents
- transporting text documents across computer networks
- 6 Mosaic
- 6.1 Mark Anderseen
- 6.2 University of Illinois
- 6.3 first graphical world wide web browser
- 6.4 average computer user could browse the web
- 6.5 basis for Netscape (eventually Firefox)
- 7 Why the web succeeded?
- 7.1 cheap network access (for some)
- modems
- telephone network
- local access telephone numbers
- breakup of AT&T
- 7.2 easy to use
- visual
- point-and-click
- hypertextual = rabbit hole
- 7.3 easy to produce web content
- early web servers were sponsored (university, government,
etc.)
- free web server: Apache
- HTML is markup, not a programming language
- HTML is open source
- 8 Open Source
- 8.1 computer software
- source code
- computer language
- compilers
- executable files
- 8.2 open source
- publicly available source code
- contributions from many developers
- Raymond: “the more eyeballs, all bugs are shallow”
- Linux, Firefox, Apache
- 8.3 closed source
- proprietary source code
- small cadre of expert developers
- release cycles
- Microsoft, Adobe, Apple
- 9 Commons
- 9.1 Wikipedia
- 9.2 open-source encyclopedia
- 9.3 contrast with Encyclopedia Britannica
- instant updates
- ever expanding
- unlimited scope
- 10 Web 2.0
- 10.1 social web
- 10.2 user-generated content
- 11 Intellectual Property
- 11.1 Copyright
- Enlightenment philosophy
- monopoly
- reproduction
- distribution
- derivatives
- antiquated policy
- analog media
- mass communication
- 11.2 Creative Commons
- Lawrence Lessig, 2002
- share
- distribute
- 12 podcasting
- 12.1 RSS standard
- 12.2 iPodder, 2005
- 13 broadcast radio stations online
- 14 choice-based
- 14.1 Pandora
- 14.2 Last.fm
- 14.3 Spotify
- 15 Digital Video
- 15.1 commercial video sites
- 15.2 video sharing sites
- 16 Digital Everywhere
- 16.1 digital media
- 16.2 mobile devices
- 16.3 wireless broadband
- 16.4 open access