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- Introduction to Electronic Media
- Electronic Media: TV Today
- Fairness Doctrine
- repealed in 1987
- based on multichannel and free-speech issues
- channel universe had greatly expanded
- chilling effect on broadcasters to cover controversial issues
- lack of balance
- marketplace of ideas
- Fin-Syn
- diversified nature of the television industry
- foreign ownership of movie studios, television productions
- 1991: raised interest level to 40%
- 1993: FCC eliminated most rules within a two-year period
- 1995: the rules were official rescinded
- PTAR
- rules were similarly eliminated in 1995
- networks and studios were mostly merging
- networks-studios could air their own programming in pre-primetime
- 1990 Children’s Television Act
- three hours per week
- educational programming was generously defined
- advertising limits
- 12 minutes per hour on weekdays
- 10.5 minutes per hour on weekends
- 1992 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act
- set controls over cable pricing
- impose MSO ownership restrictions
- restrictions were soon repealed in favor of deregulated
competition
- Mergers and Acquisitions
- News Corp
- Metromedia Television, 1985
- 20th Century-Fox, 1985
- General Electric
- Sony
- Columbia Records, 1986
- Columbia Pictures, 1989
- Universal Pictures
- parent company is MCA
- Matshushita Electronics buys MCA, 1991
- Seagram buys MCA from Matsushita, 1995
- Time Warner
- merger, 1990
- Time-Life, Inc.
- Warner Brothers
- becomes largest media conglomerate in the world
- Viacom
- acquires Blockbuster Video, 1994
- acquires Paramount Pictures, 1994
- Westinghouse
- acquires CBS Network, 1995
- Disney
- buys Capital Cities, 1995
- ABC Network
- Synergy
- story in Sports Illustrated
- book published by Little Brown
- selection by Literary Guild and Book-of-the-Month
- reviewed by Time
- movie by Warner Brothers
- stars interviews in People and Life
- spoofed in Mad
- soundtrack on Atlantic Records
- shown on HBO-Cinemax
- distributed on Time Warner Cable
- Broadcast TV Networks
- Big Three
- Primetime Share
- 91% in 1978
- 75% in 1986
- 30% in 2006
- 27% in 2011
- Competition
- new broadcast networks
- cable television networks
- digital screens
- Fox
- News Corporation, 1986
- creamskimming
- broadcast only during highest-viewed primetime
- no daytime or fringe programming
- no news
- target men, aged 18–49
- Programming
- Late Night with Joan Rivers
- Tracey Ullman Show
- 21 Jump Street
- Married…with Children
- America’s Most Wanted
- In Living Color
- Niche market
- 7-night schedule, 1992
- young, black urban audience
- Mainstream network, 1993–94
- NFL’s NFC broadcast rights
- NHL
- Melrose Place
- X-Files
- WB Network
- United Paramount Network
- The CW
- merger between WB and UPN netlets
- announced January 2006
- began airing in September 2006
- youth audience network
- MyNetwork TV
- ION
- Local TV Stations
- Network O&O Stations
- owned by networks
- most profitable
- limited by ownership restrictions
- largest television markets
- enjoy a steady of supply of programming
- Major Network Affiliated Station
- independently owned
- affiliated with major networks
- constitutes about 200 stations for each network
- leaders in their community
- Netlet Affiliated Stations
- affiliates of newer networks
- Independent Stations
- unaffiliated with a broadcast network
- successful with off-network and first-run syndication
- live sports and news programming
- Low-Power TV Stations
- authorized in 1982 by the FCC
- retransmit other stations
- originate their own programming
- designed to increase minority ownership of TV
- TV Group Ownership
- ownership restrictions
- prevent concentration of ownerships
- 7-station rule
- 12-stations in 1980s
- current regulations
- no numerical restrictions
- cannot exceed 39% of market reach
- largest group owners
- CBS
- ION Media
- Fox
- NBC
- Tribune
- ABC
- Univision
- Trinity
- Gannett
- Hearst-Argyle
- Cable TV Stations
- Programming
- specialty services
- “100 retail stores in a new mall”
- over 300 national and 80 regional
- Basic Cable Services
- local and regional broadcast stations
- “must-carry”
- cable systems obligated to carry all the stations
available to their customers
- declared unconstitutional in 1985
- retransmission consent
- broadcasters could receive compensation
- exchanged transmission of other cable channels
- growth of secondary cable networks
- Ad-Supported Basic Cable Services
- program services designed to reach cable audiences
- carry national advertising
- local advertising spots for sale
- subscriber fees
- Top Cable Nets
- USA
- TNT
- ABC Family
- TBS
- Fox News
- CNN
- Cartoon Network
- Lifetime
- ESPN
- Digital Services
- increased channel capacity
- more than 42 million customers in 2010
- more channels for a higher fees to subscribers
- Pay Services
- additional services available to subscribers for additional
cost
- “premium” programming
- original programming
- commercial free movies
- home team sports
- top pay-TV nets
- HBO
- Cinemax
- Showtime
- The Movie Channel
- Starz
- Speciality Services
- public service
- regional news channels
- electronic programming guides
- music channels
- local government
- local weather
- Voice Over Internet Protocol
- Cable TV Distribution
- Homes Passed
- all households that could subscribe to cable television
- about 112 million homes passed
- about 115 million total TV households
- Cable Subscribers
- basic penetration
- rate of homes passed that take the cable
- Pay Households
- cable households that pay for additional pay services
- about 52 million households
- Multipay Households
- households that pay for more than one service
- bundle services
- highest monthly bills
- Pay-Per-View Services
- ordering pay-per-view services
- requires addressable converter boxes
- Cable Ownership
- no limit to how many systems (franchises) a company could open
- Cable System Ownership
- Multiple System Ownership (MSO)
- Top MSOs
- Comcast
- DirecTV
- Dish Network
- Time Warner Cable
- Cox Communications
- Charter Communications
- Cablevision
- Verizon
- AT&T, Inc.
- Bright House Networks
- Direct Broadcast Satellites
- Duopoly
- DirecTV (Fox)
- Dish Network (Echostar)
- accessible where cable might not be able to reach
- digital services
- digital video recorders
- online video portal