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Introduction to Electronic Media
Electronic Media: Network Television
Electronic Media: Network Television
1 Three Network Oligopoly
1.1 NBC
1.2 CBS
1.3 ABC
1.4 filled VHF band
1.5 controlled television production
1.6 evenly split throughout 1960s, 1970s
2 Television Station Types
2.1 Owned and operated
2.2 Network affiliates
2.3 Independent television stations
2.4 Public television stations
3 Financial Rules on Syndication
3.1 Fin-Syn
3.2 financial
network could only own 15 hours of non-news programming
production companies could remain independent
3.3 syndication
networks acquired only first- and second- runs
ownership of television programs remained with the producer
4 Primetime access rules
4.1 PTAR
4.2 stations in top–50 markets
4.3 first hour of prime-time
7:00 PM
Mon-Sat
4.4 not take the network feed
4.5 produce their own local programming
5 Independent TV stations
5.1 UHF band
5.2 stations unaffiliated with broadcast networks
5.3 thrived with first-run syndicated programming
6 Cable TV
6.1 CATV
began as community antenna television, 1940s
distant signal importation
local systems began to consolidate as MSOs
6.2 broadcasters saw cable systems as competitors
6.3 must-carry rules
6.4 access rules
public
educational
government
7 Relevance
7.1 growing youth audience
7.2 Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In (NBC 1968–1973)
7.3 Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
7.4 Dragnet
7.5 Norman Lear “relevant series”
All in the Family
Maude
Good Times
The Jeffersons
7.6 Mary Tyler Moore Show (CBS, 1970–1977)
8 satellite cable
8.1 Open Skies order, 1972
8.2 launching of communication satellites
8.3 cable seen as alternative to broadcasters
9 cable technologies
9.1 “Blue Sky” advocates for cable TV
policy reformers and think tanks
social action groups
cable operators
9.2 interactive television
access libraries of information
conduct financial transactions
exchange electronic mail
9.3 QUBE
interactive television
Warner-AMEX
introduced 1977
failed to find commercial success
10 Ted Turner
10.1 WTCQ-TV Atlanta
10.2 leased transponder on Satcom I
10.3 launched WTBS-TV Atlanta as a national superstation
off-network syndicated programming
sports programming
no news programming
10.4 dual-revenue
advertising (as in broadcasting)
subscriber fees from cable distributors
11 Music Television
11.1 Warner-AMEX Cable
11.2 launched August 1981
11.3 free programming: music videos
11.4 young audience
11.5 influenced network television style
12 Cable TV Stations
12.1 Broadcast
12.2 Ad-supported
12.3 Pay Cable
12.4 Superstation
12.5 PEG
13 Deregulation
13.1 Mark Fowler
commissioner of the FCC under Reagan
“toaster with pictures”
13.2 philosophies (Hilmes)
scarcity vs. diversity
public resource vs. private competition
intrusiveness vs. innovation
14 End of the Fairness Doctrine
14.1 Mayflower decision 1941
broadcasters cannot be an advocate
ascertainment: broadcasters had to cover controversial issues important to the community
broadcasters had to seek alternative, well-rounded viewpoints
14.2 Red Lion decision, 1969
upheld the Fairness Doctrine over the first amendment
personal attack against a journalist, Fred Cook
television station refused to offer equal access to subject of attack
15 Beginning of Fox
15.1 News Corporation acquires
Metromedia Broadcasting
20th Century-Fox
15.2 fourth network
Joan Rivers Show (1986)
Tracey Ullman Show (1988)
The Simpsons (1989)