Juan Monroy — Class 3, Newspapers

1 Week 2 Recap
- 1.1 Culture
  - Feudal Society
    - Folk Culture
    - High Culture
  - Mass Society
    - Mass Culture
    - National Culture
- 1.2 Technology
  - Artisanal Production
    - hand-made
    - small scale
    - local distribution
  - Industrialization
    - mass production
    - economies of scale
    - national and global distribution
  - Digitalization
    - personalized
    - interactive
    - convergence
- 1.3 Media Economics
  - Mass Media (analog) vs. New Media (digital)
  - competition
  - revenue
2 Media in Santa Barbara, California
- 2.1 Newspapers
- 2.2 FM Radio Stations
- 2.3 TV Stations
- 2.4 Mobile Telephone
- 2.5 Broadband Internet
- 2.6 Cable Television Distributors
3 Evolution of all Mass Media (Media and Culture)
- 3.1 Development Stage
- 3.2 Entrepreneurial Stage
- 3.3 Mass Market Stage
- 3.4 Convergence Stage
4 Partisan Press
5 Colonial Era Newspapers
- 5.1 imported or reprinted news from Europe
- 5.2 audience was representatives of the British royalty
- 5.3 Most published “by Authority” of the British Crown
6 Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic (1690)
- 6.1 Benjamin Harris
- 6.2 scandalized stories
- 6.3 shut down after one issue
7 Boston News-Letter (1704)
- 7.1 John Campbell
- 7.2 received blessing of the British Crown
- 7.3 thrived for 72 years, until Independence
8 Revolutionary Era
- 8.1 political press built support for the American revolution
- 8.2 defined the role of the free press
- 8.3 published Declaration of Independence (1776)
- 8.4 covered debates over the Constitution (1787)
9 New England Courant (1721)
- 9.1 James Franklin
- 9.2 had no authority
- 9.3 jailed and forbidden to publish
- 9.4 passed to brother Benjamin
10 Pennsylvanian Gazette (1728–1800)
- 10.1 Ben Franklin’s paper
- 10.2 published articles about independence
11 John Peter Zenger
- 11.1 New York Weekly Journal (1733–1734)
- 11.2 openly criticized British governor of New York (1733)
- 11.3 charged with libel
- 11.4 argued that truth was the defense of libel
12 Benjamin Franklin
- 12.1 Join or Die cartoon (1754)
- 12.2 urged colonies to unite against the British
13 Newspapers and Technology
- 13.1 Postal (Mail)
- 13.2 Telegraph (1844)
- 13.3 rotary press
- 13.4 machine-made wood pulp
14 Penny Press
- 14.1 mid–1800s
- 14.2 benefit of industrialization
  - economies of scale: lower cost
  - urban audience
  - wire services: Associated Press (1848)
- 14.3 newspapers became mass media
  - mass audience
  - common language
  - non-partisan
15 New York Sun
- 15.1 launched 1833
- 15.2 Benjamin Day
- 15.3 sold for a penny
- 15.4 advertising
- 15.5 recruited newsboys
16 New York Herald
- 16.1 launched 1835
- 16.2 published news promptly
- 16.3 daily coverage
  - business
  - sports
  - women’s news
- 16.4 advertising
  - classified advertising
  - required new ads everyday
17 Yellow Press
- 17.1 Circulation War
  - William Randolph Hearst
  - Joseph Pulitzer
  - “Yellow Kid” (Richard F. Outcault, 1895–1898)
- 17.2 Joseph Pulitzer
  - Hungarian immigrant
  - St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1878)
  - New York World
    - purchased 1883
    - underdog’s newspaper
    - hired Nellie Bly
- 17.3 William Randolph Hearst
  - bought New York Journal (1895)
    - imitated success of Pulitzer
  - Spanish-American War
    - spectacular coverage of the USS Maine
    - blamed Spanish for explosion in Havana
- 17.4 Competition
  - revenue and profit based on advertising and subscriptions
  - can’t compete on price, compete with product
    - sensational photos and headlines
      - crime
      - disaster
      - scandals
      - intrigue
    - personality and human interest stories
    - hoaxes and fake interviews
  - formidable competition in over-saturated newspaper markets
- 17.5 Legacy
  - muckrakers
  - Progressive Era
  - expose-and-reform cycle
18 Journalism in the 20th Century
- 18.1 Objective
  - Adolph Ochs
    - bought New York Times (1896)
    - deliberately avoided tactics of the Yellow press
    - stressed objectivity
      - reports for business, legal professions, political leaders
      - book and theater reviews
      - general audience and intellectuals
    - “won’t soil the breakfast cloth”
    - introduced “inverted pyramid” style
- 18.2 Interpretive
  - Walter Lippman print, “Responsibilities of the Press"
    - to make a current record
    - to make a running analysis
    - on the basis of both, to suggest plans
  - Edward R. Murrow radio
    - “This is London” (1940)
    - <https://myfiles.fordham.edu/users/jmonroy/electronicmedia /goldenageradio/05-CBS-LondonAfterDark–400824.mp3>
- 18.3 Literary
19 Convergence Stage
- 19.1 Newspapers in the Digital Age
  - Web
  - Tablet apps
  - Blogs
- 19.2 Personalization News
  - “Daily Me”
    - coined by Nicolas Negroponte (1995)
    - topics
  - RSS
  - Twitter