Television
* 1 How Tele-vision Works
* 2 Electronic Tele-Vision
V 3 Vladimir Zworkin
* 3.1 worked for Westinghouse and General Electric
* 3.2 invented iconoscope (1927)
* 3.3 first camera tube covert light rays into electrical signals (1928)
V 4 Philo Fransworth
* 4.1 image dissector
* 4.2 patented system for electronic television (1930)
* 4.3 demonstrated television in Philadelphia (1934)
* 4.4 transmitted signal to different room
V 5 The World of Tomorrow
* 5.1 1939 World's Fair, New York City
V 5.2 RCA Pavilion
* experimental television station
* transmitted from Empire State Building
* 6 RCA and the "Story of Television" (1939)
V 7 Live Television
* 7.1 considered the best use of tele-vision technology
* 7.2 theater television?
V 8 NTSC
* 8.1 group of electronics firms, including RCA
V 8.2 established analog standard TV in US (1941)
* 525-lines
* 60 Hz (fields per second)
* 8.3 Digital ATSC replaced NTSC in 2009
V 9 The Freeze
* 9.1 problem of interference
* 9.2 FCC implemented freeze on new licenses, 1948
* 9.3 Freeze would last until 1952
* 9.4 Licensed TV stations would increase from 106 (1948) to over 400 (1952)
V 10 Network Television
* 10.1 Pre-Freeze television broadcasters affiliated with networks
* 10.2 Between 1948–1952, television set ownership grew
* 10.3 Network-affiliated broadcasters thrived
V 11 Color
* 11.1 Format war between two competing systems
V 11.2 CBS introduced a color system (1952)
* tentatively approved by FCC
* not backward compatible
V 11.3 RCA introduced own color system (1954)
* worked on older black and white sets
* ultimately became color standard
* 11.4 Networks would not fully adopt color until 1966
V 12 VHF and UHF
* 12.1 alleviate scarcity of TV channels
V 12.2 Very High Frequency
* 54-72, 76-88, and 174-216 MHz
* TV Channels 2-13
V 12.3 Ultra High Frequency
* 470-806 MHz
* TV Channels 14-69
* 12.4 Early TVs capable of receiving only VHF channels
V 13 Network Television
* 13.1 Three-Network Oligopoly
* 13.2 NBC
* 13.3 CBS
* 13.4 ABC
V 14 Network Era
* 14.1 Begins in 1950s with consolidation of networks
* 14.2 Triune Voice
* 14.3 Nearly 90% market share between three networks
V 15 Home Video
* 15.1 Sony Betamax (1975)
* 15.2 JVC VHS (1976)
* 15.3 MCA-Disney v. Sony (1979)
V 16 Interactive Television
* 16.1 Qube
* 16.2 Remote Control
V 17 Cable Television
* 17.1 distant signal importation
* 17.2 multichannel video distributors
* 17.3 narrowcast
17.3 specialized programming for diverse and fragmented groups
* 17.4 similar trend as in magazines and radio
* 17.5 audiences are small but more targeted
* 17.6 network television's role as “the chief programmer of our shared culture had eroded“
V 18 Telecommunications Act
* 18.1 relaxed ownership rules
* 18.2 mergers between TV and cable, music, print, movies, Internet
* 18.3 convergence between video, voice, and Internet services
V 19 Digital Television
* 19.1 replaced NTSC in 2009
V 19.2 SDTV vs. HDTV
* up to 1080 lines
* 16:9 aspect ratio
* six-channel surround sound
V 19.3 digital sub-channels
* Channel 4 in NYC has two sub channels
* WNBC 4 on 4.1
* Nonstop New York on 4.2
* 19.4 on-demand video
V 19.5 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications
* digital convergence
* many services over a single wire
* multiple video streams
V 19.6 video recording
* videocassette recorders
* DVR: VCR + hard drive
* TV in the cloud
V 20 Digital Media
* 20.1 Internet spot advertising
* 20.2 ratings of cable shows rival broadcast ratings
* 20.3 competition from other screens
* 20.4 time-shifting devices
* 20.5 streaming services, such as Hulu
* 20.6 online video distribution, such as xfinity
* 20.7 broadcast demanding retransmission fees
V 21 Big Five
* 21.1 Time Warner
* 21.2 Disney
* 21.3 National Amusements (Viacom)
* 21.4 News Corp
* 21.5 NBC Universal (Comcast)
V 22 Broadcast Television Production
V 22.1 Production Companies
* Fin-Syn 1971-1993
* usually independent companies
* employ cast and crew
* sell to networks
* 22.2 Networks acquire programs first-run rights
* 22.3 Fees do not cover cost of production
* 22.4 Since 1993, network programs are usually produced in house
V 23 Public Television
V 23.1 PBS: Public Broadcasting System (1968)
* program exchange, not a true network
* exercises economies of scale for non-profit stations
* most programs produced by largest member stations
* distributed across "network" of participating stations
V 23.2 Revenue
V Corporation for Public Broadcasting
* tax money to subsidize PBS operations
* corporate underwritng
* co-sponsorships
V 24 Cable Programming
* 24.1 follows same model as broadcast programming
* 24.2 some local origination program
* 24.3 community access channels
V 25 Broadcast Network Distribution
V 25.1 Nine Broadcast Networks
* CBS
* NBC
* ABC
* Fox
* CW
* My Network TV
* ion
* Univision
* Telemundo*
* 25.2 network TV losses are offset by cable networks
V 25.3 O&O stations
* once constituted the most profitable stations
* decline in advertising have sapped profits
* demanding retransmission fees
V 26 Basic Cable Networks
* 26.1 distributed via satellite
* 26.2 leading cable nets controlled by Big Five conglomerates
* 26.3 affiliate fees paid per-subscriber basis
* 26.4 advertising spots available to local cable systems
V 27 Premium Cable Networks
V 27.1 Major Premium Nets
* HBO
* Cinemax
* Showtime
* Starz/Encore
V 27.2 Single revenue stream
* direct payment
* subscription fees
V 28 Syndication
* 28.1 Effective way to fill broadcast schedule
V 28.2 Prime Access
* mandated by 1971 PTAR rule
* reserves 7-8 pm slots
V 28.3 Program Types
* first-run syndication
* off-network syndication
V 29 Local Television
V 29.1 Network affiliates
* owned and operated stations
* independent affiliates
* retransmit network programs
V 29.2 Group-Owned Stations
* group owners
* no more than 39% of national television audience
* Big Five, Sinclair, and Hearst
V 29.3 Independent Stations
* buy most of their programming from syndication
* sell advertising in the local, regional and national spot markets
V 30 Advertising
* 30.1 up-front advertising
* 30.2 spot market
* 30.3 scatter market
30.3 last minute deals