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1 |
How Tele-vision Works
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2 |
Electronic Tele-Vision
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3 |
Vladimir Zworkin
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3.1 |
worked for Westinghouse and General Electric
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3.2 |
invented iconoscope (1927)
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3.3 |
first camera tube covert light rays into electrical signals (1928)
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4 |
Philo Fransworth
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4.1 |
image dissector
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4.2 |
patented system for electronic television (1930)
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4.3 |
demonstrated television in Philadelphia (1934)
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4.4 |
transmitted signal to different room
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5 |
The World of Tomorrow
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5.1 |
1939 World's Fair, New York City
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5.2 |
RCA Pavilion
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experimental television station
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transmitted from Empire State Building
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6 |
RCA and the "Story of Television" (1939)
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7 |
Live Television
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7.1 |
considered the best use of tele-vision technology
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7.2 |
theater television?
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8 |
NTSC
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8.1 |
group of electronics firms, including RCA
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8.2 |
established analog standard TV in US (1941)
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525-lines
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60 Hz (fields per second)
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8.3 |
Digital ATSC replaced NTSC in 2009
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9 |
The Freeze
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9.1 |
problem of interference
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9.2 |
FCC implemented freeze on new licenses, 1948
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9.3 |
Freeze would last until 1952
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9.4 |
Licensed TV stations would increase from 106 (1948) to over 400 (1952)
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10 |
Network Television
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10.1 |
Pre-Freeze television broadcasters affiliated with networks
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10.2 |
Between 1948–1952, television set ownership grew
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10.3 |
Network-affiliated broadcasters thrived
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11 |
Color
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11.1 |
Format war between two competing systems
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11.2 |
CBS introduced a color system (1952)
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tentatively approved by FCC
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not backward compatible
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11.3 |
RCA introduced own color system (1954)
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worked on older black and white sets
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ultimately became color standard
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11.4 |
Networks would not fully adopt color until 1966
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12 |
VHF and UHF
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12.1 |
alleviate scarcity of TV channels
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12.2 |
Very High Frequency
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54-72, 76-88, and 174-216 MHz
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TV Channels 2-13
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12.3 |
Ultra High Frequency
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470-806 MHz
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TV Channels 14-69
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12.4 |
Early TVs capable of receiving only VHF channels
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13 |
Network Television
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13.1 |
Three-Network Oligopoly
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13.2 |
NBC
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13.3 |
CBS
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13.4 |
ABC
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14 |
Network Era
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14.1 |
Begins in 1950s with consolidation of networks
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14.2 |
Triune Voice
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14.3 |
Nearly 90% market share between three networks
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15 |
Home Video
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15.1 |
Sony Betamax (1975)
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15.2 |
JVC VHS (1976)
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15.3 |
MCA-Disney v. Sony (1979)
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16 |
Interactive Television
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16.1 |
Qube
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16.2 |
Remote Control
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17 |
Cable Television
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17.1 |
distant signal importation
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17.2 |
multichannel video distributors
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17.3 |
narrowcast
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17.3 |
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specialized programming for diverse and fragmented groups
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17.4 |
similar trend as in magazines and radio
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17.5 |
audiences are small but more targeted
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17.6 |
network television's role as “the chief programmer of our shared culture had eroded“
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18 |
Telecommunications Act
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18.1 |
relaxed ownership rules
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18.2 |
mergers between TV and cable, music, print, movies, Internet
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18.3 |
convergence between video, voice, and Internet services
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19 |
Digital Television
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19.1 |
replaced NTSC in 2009
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19.2 |
SDTV vs. HDTV
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up to 1080 lines
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16:9 aspect ratio
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six-channel surround sound
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19.3 |
digital sub-channels
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Channel 4 in NYC has two sub channels
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WNBC 4 on 4.1
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Nonstop New York on 4.2
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19.4 |
on-demand video
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19.5 |
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications
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digital convergence
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many services over a single wire
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multiple video streams
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19.6 |
video recording
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videocassette recorders
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DVR: VCR + hard drive
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TV in the cloud
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20 |
Digital Media
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20.1 |
Internet spot advertising
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20.2 |
ratings of cable shows rival broadcast ratings
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20.3 |
competition from other screens
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20.4 |
time-shifting devices
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20.5 |
streaming services, such as Hulu
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20.6 |
online video distribution, such as xfinity
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20.7 |
broadcast demanding retransmission fees
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21 |
Big Five
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21.1 |
Time Warner
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21.2 |
Disney
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21.3 |
National Amusements (Viacom)
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21.4 |
News Corp
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21.5 |
NBC Universal (Comcast)
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22 |
Broadcast Television Production
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22.1 |
Production Companies
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Fin-Syn 1971-1993
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usually independent companies
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employ cast and crew
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sell to networks
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22.2 |
Networks acquire programs first-run rights
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22.3 |
Fees do not cover cost of production
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22.4 |
Since 1993, network programs are usually produced in house
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23 |
Public Television
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23.1 |
PBS: Public Broadcasting System (1968)
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program exchange, not a true network
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exercises economies of scale for non-profit stations
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most programs produced by largest member stations
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distributed across "network" of participating stations
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23.2 |
Revenue
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Corporation for Public Broadcasting
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tax money to subsidize PBS operations
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corporate underwritng
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co-sponsorships
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24 |
Cable Programming
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24.1 |
follows same model as broadcast programming
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24.2 |
some local origination program
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24.3 |
community access channels
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25 |
Broadcast Network Distribution
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25.1 |
Nine Broadcast Networks
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CBS
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NBC
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ABC
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Fox
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CW
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My Network TV
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ion
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Univision
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Telemundo*
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25.2 |
network TV losses are offset by cable networks
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25.3 |
O&O stations
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once constituted the most profitable stations
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decline in advertising have sapped profits
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demanding retransmission fees
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26 |
Basic Cable Networks
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26.1 |
distributed via satellite
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26.2 |
leading cable nets controlled by Big Five conglomerates
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26.3 |
affiliate fees paid per-subscriber basis
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26.4 |
advertising spots available to local cable systems
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27 |
Premium Cable Networks
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27.1 |
Major Premium Nets
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HBO
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Cinemax
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Showtime
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Starz/Encore
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27.2 |
Single revenue stream
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direct payment
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subscription fees
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28 |
Syndication
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28.1 |
Effective way to fill broadcast schedule
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28.2 |
Prime Access
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mandated by 1971 PTAR rule
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reserves 7-8 pm slots
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28.3 |
Program Types
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first-run syndication
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off-network syndication
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29 |
Local Television
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29.1 |
Network affiliates
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owned and operated stations
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independent affiliates
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retransmit network programs
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29.2 |
Group-Owned Stations
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group owners
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no more than 39% of national television audience
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Big Five, Sinclair, and Hearst
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29.3 |
Independent Stations
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buy most of their programming from syndication
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sell advertising in the local, regional and national spot markets
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30 |
Advertising
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30.1 |
up-front advertising
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30.2 |
spot market
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30.3 |
scatter market
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