Topic
V 1 persistence of vision
* 1.1 approximately 14 fps
* 1.2 used in toys such as the zoetrope
V 2 Eadweard Muybridge
* 2.1 motion studies
* 2.2 settle a bet with Gov. Leland Stanford
* 2.3 zoopraxiscope
V 3 George Eastman
* 3.1 Eastman Kodak
* 3.2 photography pioneer
* 3.3 roll film vs. metal plates (1884)
V 4 Hannibal Goodwin
* 4.1 developed celluloid roll film (1889)
* 4.2 moved through the camera gate
* 4.3 photograph in rapid succession
* 4.4 celluloid could have light passed through for projection
V 5 WKL Dickson and Edison
* 5.1 Edison's assistant
* 5.2 Edison tried to make sound pictures but could not and lost interest
V 5.3 photographed through a kinetograph (motion writer)
* combined Edison's incandescent bulb
* Goodwin's celluloid
* Le Prince's camera
V 5.4 viewed through a kinetoscope (motion viewer)
* housed a spool of film
* peephole
* led to the proliferation of kinetoscope parlors (1894)
V 6 Louis and Auguste Lumière Brothers
V 6.1 developed cinematographe
* camera
* film development
* projection
* 6.2 projection allowed mass viewing
V 7 Lumiere screenings spawned a public entertainment
* 7.1 Grand Café screenings in Paris on December 28, 1895
* 7.2 ten short films, charged 1 franc admission fee
V 8 Edison developed a vitascope
* 8.1 film strips of longer films
* 8.2 staged at music hall in NYC in April 1896
* 8.3 audience marveled at realism
V 9 By 1900, short movies became part of the entertainment industry
* 9.1 amusement arcades
* 9.2 traveling carnivals
* 9.3 wax museums
* 9.4 vaudeville theater
V 10 narrative films
* 10.1 movies that tell stories
* 10.2 novelty of movement did not appeal to audiences for long
* 10.3 created worlds that stimulated the audience's imagination
V 11 Georges Melies
* 11.1 fantasy and fairy-tale films
* 11.2 pioneered special effects
* 11.3 Vanishing Lady (1896)
* 11.4 Cinderella (1899)
* 11.5 A Trip to the Moon (1902)
V 12 Edwin S. Porter
* 12.1 worked for Edison
* 12.2 developed editing
* 12.3 Life of an American Fireman (1902)
* 12.4 Great Train Robbery (1903)
V 13 Nickelodeon Era (1907–1912)
* 13.1 dedicated and makeshift movie theaters
* 13.2 films were one-reel in length (~10 minutes)
* 13.3 screening series of short films that lasted an hour
* 13.4 piano player and sound effects
* 13.5 working class entertainment, especially among newly arrived immigrants
V 14 The Trust (1908 – 1915)
* 14.1 Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company
V 14.2 cartel of patent holders
* Edison's vitagraph camera/projector patent
* American Mutoscope and Biograph "Latham loop"
* Eastman Kodak exclusive supplier of film
* 14.3 movies could not be made without a license from the Trust
* 14.4 production centered in New York and New Jersey
V 15 Independents (1912 – 1927)
* 15.1 worked outside of the Trust
* 15.2 moved to warmer climates to facilitate year-round production
* 15.3 Adolph Zukor (Paramount) bypassed the trust by importing films
* 15.4 William Fox Film Company sued the Trust and eventually won
* 15.5 Independents eventually became Hollywood Studios and formed movie oligopoly
V 16 Vertical Integration
* 16.1 production
* 16.2 distribution
* 16.3 exhibition
V 17 Studio System
* 17.1 assembly line production
> 17.2 specialized jobs
* 17.3 studio head
* 17.4 efficient mass production process
V 18 Star System
* 18.1 Zukor hired popular actors, formed Famous Players
* 18.2 gained advantage through exclusive contracts with actors
* 18.3 Mary Pickford first millionaire movie star
V 19 Distribution
* 19.1 Film Exchanges
* 19.2 block booking
* 19.3 post–World War I global film market
V 20 Exhibition
V 20.1 Zukor began to buy movie theaters
* studios would own most major movie theaters in US
V 20.2 movie palaces
* Strand Theater in New York (1914)
* making movies like high-society entertainment (e.g. opera)
* air conditioning
* located in urban centers near transportation
V 21 Sound
* 21.1 Fox and Warner Brothers
* 21.2 invested in sound to gain marketshare
V 21.3 developed competing sound formats
* Fox Movietone (sound on film)
* Warner Brothers (sound on disk)
* 21.4 "Talkies"
V 22 Fall of the Studio System
* 22.1 Paramount Decision
* 22.2 Suburbanization
* 22.3 Television
V 23 Television Production
* 23.1 Hollywood studios produced programs for television
* 23.2 MCA Studios
* 23.3 Disneyland USA
V 24 New Hollywood and Independents
* 24.1 Fall of the Production Code
* 24.2 MPAA Ratings
* 24.3 mature films: political, sex, violence, and complex films
V 25 Blockbusters
V 25.1 Jaws (1975)
* saturation release
* intense advertising campaign
V 25.2 Star Wars (1977)
* visual spectacle
* action scenes
* Dolby Stereo and Surround sound
V 25.3 production and release
* expensive special effects
* star salaries
* first-run distribution: 15-24 year olds
* blockbusters could reach wide audiences
V 26 Home Video
V 26.1 cable TV
* HBO
* TBS
V 26.2 Videocassettes and DVDs
V home video rental shops
* independent
* consolidated
* constitutes a majority of movie revenues
V 27 Digital Technology
V 27.1 Production
* high-quality, low cost digital cameras
* non-linear editing
* decreased costs for independents
V 27.2 Competition
* video games
* Internet
* digital television
* piracy
V 27.3 New Blockbusters
* franchise films
* special effects
* 3D & IMAX
V 28 Movie Sound
* 28.1 multichannel sound: 1950s
* 28.2 Dolby Surround: sound-on-film
* 28.3 DTS: sound-on-disk
V 29 Special Effects
* 29.1 stop-motion effects
* 29.2 rear projection
* 29.3 front projection
* 29.4 compositing
* 29.5 matting
* 29.6 scale modeling
V 30 Digital Effects
* 30.1 computer generated imaging
* 30.2 "green screening"
* 30.3 largely applied during post-production
* 30.4 non-linear editing
V 31 Conglomerates
* 31.1 Sony-Columbia
* 31.2 Fox (News Corp)
* 31.3 MGM
* 31.4 Paramount (Viacom)
* 31.5 Universal (Comcast)
* 31.6 Warner Brothers (Time Warner)
* 31.7 Disney
V 32 Audience Segmentation
* 32.1 age, gender, and audience purpose
* 32.2 film content is more diverse because audience is diverse
* 32.3 genres
V 33 Digital Exhibition
V 33.1 theatrical exhibition
* digital light projection (DLP)
* IMAX
* 3-D Movies
V 33.2 home exhibition
* DVD
* digital video recorders
* Blu-Ray
* 3-D television
V 33.3 Internet
* BitTorrent
* Netflix
* Amazon/iTunes streaming
* video-on-demand (VOD)
V 34 Distribution Windows
* 34.1 domestic theatrical
* 34.2 international theatrical
* 34.3 pay-per-view
* 34.4 pay cable (HBO window)
* 34.5 videocassette & DVD
* 34.6 paid downloads
* 34.7 Netflix
* 34.8 basic cable
* 34.9 syndication