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1 |
persistence of vision
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1.1 |
approximately 14 fps
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1.2 |
used in toys such as the zoetrope
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2 |
Eadweard Muybridge
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2.1 |
motion studies
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2.2 |
settle a bet with Gov. Leland Stanford
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2.3 |
zoopraxiscope
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3 |
George Eastman
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3.1 |
Eastman Kodak
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3.2 |
photography pioneer
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3.3 |
roll film vs. metal plates (1884)
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4 |
Hannibal Goodwin
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4.1 |
developed celluloid roll film (1889)
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4.2 |
moved through the camera gate
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4.3 |
photograph in rapid succession
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4.4 |
celluloid could have light passed through for projection
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5 |
WKL Dickson and Edison
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5.1 |
Edison's assistant
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5.2 |
Edison tried to make sound pictures but could not and lost interest
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5.3 |
photographed through a kinetograph (motion writer)
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combined Edison's incandescent bulb
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Goodwin's celluloid
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Le Prince's camera
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5.4 |
viewed through a kinetoscope (motion viewer)
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housed a spool of film
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peephole
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led to the proliferation of kinetoscope parlors (1894)
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6 |
Louis and Auguste Lumière Brothers
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6.1 |
developed cinematographe
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camera
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film development
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projection
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6.2 |
projection allowed mass viewing
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7 |
Lumiere screenings spawned a public entertainment
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7.1 |
Grand Café screenings in Paris on December 28, 1895
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7.2 |
ten short films, charged 1 franc admission fee
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8 |
Edison developed a vitascope
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8.1 |
film strips of longer films
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8.2 |
staged at music hall in NYC in April 1896
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8.3 |
audience marveled at realism
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9 |
By 1900, short movies became part of the entertainment industry
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9.1 |
amusement arcades
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9.2 |
traveling carnivals
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9.3 |
wax museums
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9.4 |
vaudeville theater
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10 |
narrative films
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10.1 |
movies that tell stories
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10.2 |
novelty of movement did not appeal to audiences for long
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10.3 |
created worlds that stimulated the audience's imagination
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11 |
Georges Melies
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11.1 |
fantasy and fairy-tale films
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11.2 |
pioneered special effects
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11.3 |
Vanishing Lady (1896)
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11.4 |
Cinderella (1899)
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11.5 |
A Trip to the Moon (1902)
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12 |
Edwin S. Porter
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12.1 |
worked for Edison
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12.2 |
developed editing
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12.3 |
Life of an American Fireman (1902)
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12.4 |
Great Train Robbery (1903)
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13 |
Nickelodeon Era (1907–1912)
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13.1 |
dedicated and makeshift movie theaters
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13.2 |
films were one-reel in length (~10 minutes)
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13.3 |
screening series of short films that lasted an hour
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13.4 |
piano player and sound effects
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13.5 |
working class entertainment, especially among newly arrived immigrants
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14 |
The Trust (1908 – 1915)
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14.1 |
Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company
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14.2 |
cartel of patent holders
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Edison's vitagraph camera/projector patent
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American Mutoscope and Biograph "Latham loop"
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Eastman Kodak exclusive supplier of film
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14.3 |
movies could not be made without a license from the Trust
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14.4 |
production centered in New York and New Jersey
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15 |
Independents (1912 – 1927)
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15.1 |
worked outside of the Trust
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15.2 |
moved to warmer climates to facilitate year-round production
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15.3 |
Adolph Zukor (Paramount) bypassed the trust by importing films
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15.4 |
William Fox Film Company sued the Trust and eventually won
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15.5 |
Independents eventually became Hollywood Studios and formed movie oligopoly
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16 |
Vertical Integration
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16.1 |
production
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16.2 |
distribution
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16.3 |
exhibition
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17 |
Studio System
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17.1 |
assembly line production
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17.2 |
specialized jobs
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directors
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editors
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writers
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actors
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property managers
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17.3 |
studio head
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17.4 |
efficient mass production process
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18 |
Star System
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18.1 |
Zukor hired popular actors, formed Famous Players
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18.2 |
gained advantage through exclusive contracts with actors
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18.3 |
Mary Pickford first millionaire movie star
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19 |
Distribution
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19.1 |
Film Exchanges
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19.2 |
block booking
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19.3 |
post–World War I global film market
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20 |
Exhibition
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20.1 |
Zukor began to buy movie theaters
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studios would own most major movie theaters in US
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20.2 |
movie palaces
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Strand Theater in New York (1914)
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making movies like high-society entertainment (e.g. opera)
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air conditioning
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located in urban centers near transportation
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21 |
Sound
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21.1 |
Fox and Warner Brothers
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21.2 |
invested in sound to gain marketshare
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21.3 |
developed competing sound formats
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Fox Movietone (sound on film)
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Warner Brothers (sound on disk)
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21.4 |
"Talkies"
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22 |
Fall of the Studio System
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22.1 |
Paramount Decision
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22.2 |
Suburbanization
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22.3 |
Television
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23 |
Television Production
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23.1 |
Hollywood studios produced programs for television
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23.2 |
MCA Studios
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23.3 |
Disneyland USA
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24 |
New Hollywood and Independents
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24.1 |
Fall of the Production Code
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24.2 |
MPAA Ratings
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24.3 |
mature films: political, sex, violence, and complex films
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25 |
Blockbusters
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25.1 |
Jaws (1975)
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saturation release
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intense advertising campaign
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25.2 |
Star Wars (1977)
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visual spectacle
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action scenes
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Dolby Stereo and Surround sound
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25.3 |
production and release
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expensive special effects
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star salaries
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first-run distribution: 15-24 year olds
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blockbusters could reach wide audiences
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26 |
Home Video
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26.1 |
cable TV
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HBO
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TBS
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26.2 |
Videocassettes and DVDs
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home video rental shops
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independent
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consolidated
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constitutes a majority of movie revenues
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27 |
Digital Technology
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27.1 |
Production
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high-quality, low cost digital cameras
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non-linear editing
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decreased costs for independents
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27.2 |
Competition
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video games
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Internet
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digital television
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piracy
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27.3 |
New Blockbusters
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franchise films
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special effects
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3D & IMAX
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28 |
Movie Sound
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28.1 |
multichannel sound: 1950s
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28.2 |
Dolby Surround: sound-on-film
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28.3 |
DTS: sound-on-disk
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29 |
Special Effects
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29.1 |
stop-motion effects
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29.2 |
rear projection
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29.3 |
front projection
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29.4 |
compositing
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29.5 |
matting
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29.6 |
scale modeling
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30 |
Digital Effects
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30.1 |
computer generated imaging
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30.2 |
"green screening"
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30.3 |
largely applied during post-production
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30.4 |
non-linear editing
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31 |
Conglomerates
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31.1 |
Sony-Columbia
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31.2 |
Fox (News Corp)
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31.3 |
MGM
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31.4 |
Paramount (Viacom)
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31.5 |
Universal (Comcast)
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31.6 |
Warner Brothers (Time Warner)
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31.7 |
Disney
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32 |
Audience Segmentation
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32.1 |
age, gender, and audience purpose
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32.2 |
film content is more diverse because audience is diverse
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32.3 |
genres
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33 |
Digital Exhibition
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33.1 |
theatrical exhibition
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digital light projection (DLP)
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IMAX
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3-D Movies
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33.2 |
home exhibition
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DVD
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digital video recorders
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Blu-Ray
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3-D television
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33.3 |
Internet
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BitTorrent
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Netflix
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Amazon/iTunes streaming
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video-on-demand (VOD)
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34 |
Distribution Windows
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34.1 |
domestic theatrical
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34.2 |
international theatrical
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34.3 |
pay-per-view
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34.4 |
pay cable (HBO window)
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34.5 |
videocassette & DVD
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34.6 |
paid downloads
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34.7 |
Netflix
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34.8 |
basic cable
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34.9 |
syndication
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