Radio
V 1 Electromagnetic Waves
* 1.1 invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light
* 1.2 discovered by James Maxwell
V 1.3 radio waves could be harnessed
* transmission (Tx)
* reception (Rx)
* 1.4 Heinrich Hertz: first recorded Tx & Rx of radio wave
V 2 Wireless Telegraphy
* 2.1 Guglielmo Marconi
* 2.2 patented wireless telegraphy (1896)
V 2.3 Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Company (1897)
* British naval and commercial ships
* 2.4 American Marconi (1899)
* 2.5 wireless transmission across English Channel (1899)
* 2.6 wireless transmission across Atlantic Ocean (1901)
V 3 Wireless Telephony
V 3.1 Lee deForest
* Wireless Telephone Company (1902)
* audion triode vacuum tube (1907)
* detected and amplified radio signals
V 3.2 Reginald Fesseden
* first voice transmission on Christmas Eve 1906
V 3.3 broadcasting
* transmission of radio waves to a broad public audience
V 4 Regulation
V 4.1 Sinking of Titanic April 1912
* wireless distress signals
* David Sarnoff operator at American Marconi
V 4.2 Radio Act 1912
* operators must obtain licenses
* radio spectrum could not be owned
V 4.3 US Navy, World War II
* intervened in patent disputes
* standardized technologies
* closed all radio stations down in 1917
* seized control of US based radio operations
V 5 Radio Corporation of America
* 5.1 patent pool established in 1920
V 5.2 four companies
* American Marconi
* General Electric
* American Telephone and Telegraph
* Westinghouse
* 5.3 Headed by David Sarnoff
V 6 Broadcasting
* 6.1 Frank Conrad, Westinghouse
* 6.2 first scheduled broadcasts in 1920, Pittsburgh
* 6.3 radio station KDKA
* 6.4 helped to sell radio sets
V 6.5 first radio stations
* retail stores
* newspapers
* schools and churches
* amateurs
* 6.6 RCA would ultimately make US a commercially driven system of broadcasting
V 7 Toll Broadcasting
* 7.1 AT&T owned station WEAF (AM 660)
* 7.2 based on "toll calling" principle
V 7.3 sold first advertising in 1922
* Queensboro Real Estate Company
* Fifty dollar advertisement
* 7.4 advertising became the primary revenue source for radio
* 7.5 radio would become commercial
V 8 Public Service Broadcasting
* 8.1 BBC, 1922–23
* 8.2 studied but spurned advertising supported model
V 8.3 established a pubic radio monopoly
* news
* cultural
* education
* 8.4 supported by user license fees (usage fee)
V 9 Network Broadcasting
* 9.1 AT&T interconnected radio stations via telephone wires
* 9.2 WNAC (Washington DC) aired programming originated on WEAF (1923)
V 9.3 network stations
* owned and operated
* affiliated stations
V 9.4 economies of scale
* expensive programming produced at a central location
* costs spread across many radio stations
V 10 NBC
* 10.1 National Broadcasting Company (1926)
* 10.2 interconnected via AT&T telephone wires
V 10.3 Dual network of radio stations
* Red: WEAF (AM 660, New York) and former AT&T stations
* Blue: WJZ (AM 770, Newark) and former "radio group" stations
* 10.4 created a national culture over a local or regional broadcasting
* 10.5 RCA purchased Victor Talking Machine Company: RCA-Victor (1929)
V 11 CBS
V 11.1 Arthur Judson & Columbia Phonograph Company
* entered broadcasting
* preempt RCA Victor's dominance in radio and music
* formed CPBS (1927)
* 11.2 interconnected programming over Western Union telegraph network
V 11.3 William Paley
* established a payment system called option time
V lured talent from NBC
* Jack Benny; Frank Sinatra; Burns and Allen
V 12 Federal Communications Commission
* 12.1 established 1927 by the Federal Radio Act
* 12.2 revised 1934 changed name from Federal Radio Commission
V 12.3 licensees did not own their channel
* mandated to serve "public interest, necessity and convenience"
* 12.4 Option Time was outlawed
V 12.5 chain broadcasting ruling
* 1941
* forced NBC to sell Blue network
* Edward J. Noble formed ABC network
V 13 Golden Age of Radio
* 13.1 1930-1950
V 13.2 national mass medium, surpassing the local
* variety programs
* studio audience quiz shows
* soap operas
* programs as cultural mirrors
* authoritative voice
V 13.3 World War II
* advertising revenues doubled
* primary medium for information
* Edward R. Murrow broadcasts on CBS
V 14 Television
* 14.1 Introduced in 1939
* 14.2 Post World War II
* 14.3 Dominant form of broadcasting
* 14.4 Radio networks redirect resources to television
V 15 Radio Adapts to Television
V 15.1 transistor radios
* transistors replaced de Forest-type vacuum tubes
* Texas Instruments introduced the transistor radio for $40
V 15.2 disc jockeys
* program directos
* playlists
* rotation
V 15.3 local focus
* bluegrass (South)
* blues (Chicago)
* country and western (rural)
V 15.4 formats
* recorded music
* news
* talk
V 15.5 Contemporary Hit Radio
* Top 40
* like a jukebox
* Todd Storz, 1949
* dominant form from 1950s to 1970s
V 16 Frequency Modulation
* 16.1 Edwin Armstrong (1930–33)
V 16.2 Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
* emphasized pitch over volume
* offered static-free reception
* 16.3 higher fidelity but shorter range than AM
* 16.4 RCA delayed introduction of FM (1935)
* 16.5 Allocated frequencies expanded in 1960s
V 16.6 segmented audience
* longer cuts
V targeted formats
* Top 40
* new wave
* metal
* punk soul
* classical
* jazz
* AOR
* 16.7 FM would surpass AM radio in the 1970s
V 17 Decline of Local DJs
* 17.1 1990s
* 17.2 centrally produced programming via satellite
* 17.3 syndication
V 17.4 consolidation
* 1996 Telecommunication Act
* lifted national caps
* Clear Channel
V 18 Digital Radio
* 18.1 satellite radio
V 18.2 Internet radio
* Pandora
* AOL Radio Network
* Yahoo's Launchcast
* Microsoft MSN Radio
* 18.3 podcasting
* 18.4 HD Radio
V 19 Consolidation
* 19.1 Telecommunications Act
* 19.2 Group owner
* 19.3 Cross ownership
V 19.4 Advertising conglomerates
* Clear channel
* Ennis
* Citadel
* Entercom
* Cumulus
V 20 Ratings
V 20.1 audience research
* how many people are listening?
V demographics
* age
* race
* income
V Arbitron
* portable people meters
* establish commercial attractiveness of new format
V 21 Programming
V 21.1 Non commercial radio
* Public broadcaster
* Low power radio
* 21.2 Syndication
V 21.3 Radio formats
* Music
* News
* Talk
* 21.4 Format clock (aka "hot clock")
* 21.5 Dayparts
V 22 Regulation
* 22.1 Public interest
* 22.2 Ownership
* 22.3 Localism
V 22.4 Obscenity
* depicts sexual conduct in a way that appeals to sexual interests in a manner that is “patently offensive” to community standards, and lacks serious artistic, political, or scientific value.
V 22.5 Indecency
* is graphic language that pertains to sexual or excretory functions.
V 23 Licensing
* 23.1 Copyrighted material
V 23.2 Agencies
* ASCAP
* BMI
* 23.3 licensing fees
* 23.4 Internet streaming licensing