|
 |
1 |
Electromagnetic Waves
|
|
|
 |
1.1 |
invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light
|
|
|
|
1.2 |
discovered by James Maxwell
|
|
|
|
1.3 |
radio waves could be harnessed
|
|
|
|
transmission (Tx)
|
|
|
|
reception (Rx)
|
|
|
|
1.4 |
Heinrich Hertz: first recorded Tx & Rx of radio wave
|
|
|
|
2 |
Wireless Telegraphy
|
|
|
|
2.1 |
Guglielmo Marconi
|
|
|
|
2.2 |
patented wireless telegraphy (1896)
|
|
|
|
2.3 |
Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Company (1897)
|
|
|
|
British naval and commercial ships
|
|
|
|
2.4 |
American Marconi (1899)
|
|
|
|
2.5 |
wireless transmission across English Channel (1899)
|
|
|
|
2.6 |
wireless transmission across Atlantic Ocean (1901)
|
|
|
|
3 |
Wireless Telephony
|
|
|
|
3.1 |
Lee deForest
|
|
|
|
Wireless Telephone Company (1902)
|
|
|
|
audion triode vacuum tube (1907)
|
|
|
|
detected and amplified radio signals
|
|
|
|
3.2 |
Reginald Fesseden
|
|
|
|
first voice transmission on Christmas Eve 1906
|
|
|
|
3.3 |
broadcasting
|
|
|
|
transmission of radio waves to a broad public audience
|
|
|
|
4 |
Regulation
|
|
|
|
4.1 |
Sinking of Titanic April 1912
|
|
|
|
wireless distress signals
|
|
|
|
David Sarnoff operator at American Marconi
|
|
|
|
4.2 |
Radio Act 1912
|
|
|
|
operators must obtain licenses
|
|
|
|
radio spectrum could not be owned
|
|
|
|
4.3 |
US Navy, World War II
|
|
|
|
intervened in patent disputes
|
|
|
|
standardized technologies
|
|
|
|
closed all radio stations down in 1917
|
|
|
|
seized control of US based radio operations
|
|
|
|
5 |
Radio Corporation of America
|
|
|
|
5.1 |
patent pool established in 1920
|
|
|
|
5.2 |
four companies
|
|
|
|
American Marconi
|
|
|
|
General Electric
|
|
|
|
American Telephone and Telegraph
|
|
|
|
Westinghouse
|
|
|
|
5.3 |
Headed by David Sarnoff
|
|
|
|
6 |
Broadcasting
|
|
|
|
6.1 |
Frank Conrad, Westinghouse
|
|
|
|
6.2 |
first scheduled broadcasts in 1920, Pittsburgh
|
|
|
|
6.3 |
radio station KDKA
|
|
|
|
6.4 |
helped to sell radio sets
|
|
|
|
6.5 |
first radio stations
|
|
|
|
retail stores
|
|
|
|
newspapers
|
|
|
|
schools and churches
|
|
|
|
amateurs
|
|
|
|
6.6 |
RCA would ultimately make US a commercially driven system of broadcasting
|
|
|
|
7 |
Toll Broadcasting
|
|
|
|
7.1 |
AT&T owned station WEAF (AM 660)
|
|
|
|
7.2 |
based on "toll calling" principle
|
|
|
|
7.3 |
sold first advertising in 1922
|
|
|
|
Queensboro Real Estate Company
|
|
|
|
Fifty dollar advertisement
|
|
|
|
7.4 |
advertising became the primary revenue source for radio
|
|
|
|
7.5 |
radio would become commercial
|
|
|
|
8 |
Public Service Broadcasting
|
|
|
|
8.1 |
BBC, 1922–23
|
|
|
|
8.2 |
studied but spurned advertising supported model
|
|
|
|
8.3 |
established a pubic radio monopoly
|
|
|
|
8.4 |
supported by user license fees (usage fee)
|
|
|
|
9 |
Network Broadcasting
|
|
|
|
9.1 |
AT&T interconnected radio stations via telephone wires
|
|
|
|
9.2 |
WNAC (Washington DC) aired programming originated on WEAF (1923)
|
|
|
|
9.3 |
network stations
|
|
|
|
owned and operated
|
|
|
|
affiliated stations
|
|
|
|
9.4 |
economies of scale
|
|
|
|
expensive programming produced at a central location
|
|
|
|
costs spread across many radio stations
|
|
|
|
10 |
NBC
|
|
|
|
10.1 |
National Broadcasting Company (1926)
|
|
|
|
10.2 |
interconnected via AT&T telephone wires
|
|
|
|
10.3 |
Dual network of radio stations
|
|
|
|
Red: WEAF (AM 660, New York) and former AT&T stations
|
|
|
|
Blue: WJZ (AM 770, Newark) and former "radio group" stations
|
|
|
|
10.4 |
created a national culture over a local or regional broadcasting
|
|
|
|
10.5 |
RCA purchased Victor Talking Machine Company: RCA-Victor (1929)
|
|
|
|
11 |
CBS
|
|
|
|
11.1 |
Arthur Judson & Columbia Phonograph Company
|
|
|
|
entered broadcasting
|
|
|
|
preempt RCA Victor's dominance in radio and music
|
|
|
|
formed CPBS (1927)
|
|
|
|
11.2 |
interconnected programming over Western Union telegraph network
|
|
|
|
11.3 |
William Paley
|
|
|
|
established a payment system called option time
|
|
|
|
lured talent from NBC
|
|
|
|
Jack Benny; Frank Sinatra; Burns and Allen
|
|
|
|
12 |
Federal Communications Commission
|
|
|
|
12.1 |
established 1927 by the Federal Radio Act
|
|
|
|
12.2 |
revised 1934 changed name from Federal Radio Commission
|
|
|
|
12.3 |
licensees did not own their channel
|
|
|
|
mandated to serve "public interest, necessity and convenience"
|
|
|
|
12.4 |
Option Time was outlawed
|
|
|
|
12.5 |
chain broadcasting ruling
|
|
|
|
1941
|
|
|
|
forced NBC to sell Blue network
|
|
|
|
Edward J. Noble formed ABC network
|
|
|
|
13 |
Golden Age of Radio
|
|
|
|
13.1 |
1930-1950
|
|
|
|
13.2 |
national mass medium, surpassing the local
|
|
|
|
variety programs
|
|
|
|
studio audience quiz shows
|
|
|
|
soap operas
|
|
|
|
programs as cultural mirrors
|
|
|
|
authoritative voice
|
|
|
|
13.3 |
World War II
|
|
|
|
advertising revenues doubled
|
|
|
|
primary medium for information
|
|
|
|
Edward R. Murrow broadcasts on CBS
|
|
|
|
14 |
Television
|
|
|
|
14.1 |
Introduced in 1939
|
|
|
|
14.2 |
Post World War II
|
|
|
|
14.3 |
Dominant form of broadcasting
|
|
|
|
14.4 |
Radio networks redirect resources to television
|
|
|
|
15 |
Radio Adapts to Television
|
|
|
|
15.1 |
transistor radios
|
|
|
|
transistors replaced de Forest-type vacuum tubes
|
|
|
|
Texas Instruments introduced the transistor radio for $40
|
|
|
|
15.2 |
disc jockeys
|
|
|
|
program directos
|
|
|
|
playlists
|
|
|
|
rotation
|
|
|
|
15.3 |
local focus
|
|
|
|
bluegrass (South)
|
|
|
|
blues (Chicago)
|
|
|
|
country and western (rural)
|
|
|
|
15.4 |
formats
|
|
|
|
15.5 |
Contemporary Hit Radio
|
|
|
|
Top 40
|
|
|
|
like a jukebox
|
|
|
|
Todd Storz, 1949
|
|
|
|
dominant form from 1950s to 1970s
|
|
|
|
16 |
Frequency Modulation
|
|
|
|
16.1 |
Edwin Armstrong (1930–33)
|
|
|
|
16.2 |
Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
|
|
|
|
emphasized pitch over volume
|
|
|
|
offered static-free reception
|
|
|
|
16.3 |
higher fidelity but shorter range than AM
|
|
|
|
16.4 |
RCA delayed introduction of FM (1935)
|
|
|
|
16.5 |
Allocated frequencies expanded in 1960s
|
|
|
|
16.6 |
segmented audience
|
|
|
|
longer cuts
|
|
|
|
targeted formats
|
|
|
|
Top 40
|
|
|
|
new wave
|
|
|
|
metal
|
|
|
|
punk soul
|
|
|
|
classical
|
|
|
|
jazz
|
|
|
|
AOR
|
|
|
|
16.7 |
FM would surpass AM radio in the 1970s
|
|
|
|
17 |
Decline of Local DJs
|
|
|
|
17.1 |
1990s
|
|
|
|
17.2 |
centrally produced programming via satellite
|
|
|
|
17.3 |
syndication
|
|
|
|
17.4 |
consolidation
|
|
|
|
1996 Telecommunication Act
|
|
|
|
lifted national caps
|
|
|
|
Clear Channel
|
|
|
|
18 |
Digital Radio
|
|
|
|
18.1 |
satellite radio
|
|
|
|
18.2 |
Internet radio
|
|
|
|
Pandora
|
|
|
|
AOL Radio Network
|
|
|
|
Yahoo's Launchcast
|
|
|
|
Microsoft MSN Radio
|
|
|
|
18.3 |
podcasting
|
|
|
|
18.4 |
HD Radio
|
|
|
|
19 |
Consolidation
|
|
|
|
19.1 |
Telecommunications Act
|
|
|
|
19.2 |
Group owner
|
|
|
|
19.3 |
Cross ownership
|
|
|
|
19.4 |
Advertising conglomerates
|
|
|
|
Clear channel
|
|
|
|
Ennis
|
|
|
|
Citadel
|
|
|
|
Entercom
|
|
|
|
Cumulus
|
|
|
|
20 |
Ratings
|
|
|
|
20.1 |
audience research
|
|
|
|
how many people are listening?
|
|
|
|
demographics
|
|
|
|
Arbitron
|
|
|
|
portable people meters
|
|
|
|
establish commercial attractiveness of new format
|
|
|
|
21 |
Programming
|
|
|
|
21.1 |
Non commercial radio
|
|
|
|
Public broadcaster
|
|
|
|
Low power radio
|
|
|
|
21.2 |
Syndication
|
|
|
|
21.3 |
Radio formats
|
|
|
|
21.4 |
Format clock (aka "hot clock")
|
|
|
|
21.5 |
Dayparts
|
|
|
|
22 |
Regulation
|
|
|
|
22.1 |
Public interest
|
|
|
|
22.2 |
Ownership
|
|
|
|
22.3 |
Localism
|
|
|
|
22.4 |
Obscenity
|
|
|
|
depicts sexual conduct in a way that appeals to sexual interests in a manner that is “patently offensive” to community standards, and lacks serious artistic, political, or scientific value.
|
|
|
|
22.5 |
Indecency
|
|
|
|
is graphic language that pertains to sexual or excretory functions.
|
|
|
|
23 |
Licensing
|
|
|
|
23.1 |
Copyrighted material
|
|
|
|
23.2 |
Agencies
|
|
|
|
ASCAP
|
|
|
|
BMI
|
|
|
|
23.3 |
licensing fees
|
|
|
|
23.4 |
Internet streaming licensing
|
|
|