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1 |
Electromagnetic Waves
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1.1 |
invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light
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1.2 |
discovered by James Maxwell
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1.3 |
radio waves could be harnessed
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transmission (Tx)
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reception (Rx)
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1.4 |
Heinrich Hertz: first recorded Tx & Rx of radio wave
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2 |
Wireless Telegraphy
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2.1 |
Guglielmo Marconi
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2.2 |
patented wireless telegraphy (1896)
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2.3 |
Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Company (1897)
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British naval and commercial ships
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2.4 |
American Marconi (1899)
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2.5 |
wireless transmission across English Channel (1899)
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2.6 |
wireless transmission across Atlantic Ocean (1901)
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3 |
Wireless Telephony
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3.1 |
Lee deForest
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Wireless Telephone Company (1902)
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audion triode vacuum tube (1907)
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detected and amplified radio signals
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3.2 |
Reginald Fesseden
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first voice transmission on Christmas Eve 1906
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3.3 |
broadcasting
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transmission of radio waves to a broad public audience
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4 |
Regulation
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4.1 |
Sinking of Titanic April 1912
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wireless distress signals
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David Sarnoff operator at American Marconi
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4.2 |
Radio Act 1912
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operators must obtain licenses
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radio spectrum could not be owned
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4.3 |
US Navy, World War II
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intervened in patent disputes
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standardized technologies
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closed all radio stations down in 1917
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seized control of US based radio operations
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5 |
Radio Corporation of America
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5.1 |
patent pool established in 1920
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5.2 |
four companies
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American Marconi
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General Electric
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American Telephone and Telegraph
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Westinghouse
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5.3 |
Headed by David Sarnoff
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6 |
Broadcasting
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6.1 |
Frank Conrad, Westinghouse
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6.2 |
first scheduled broadcasts in 1920, Pittsburgh
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6.3 |
radio station KDKA
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6.4 |
helped to sell radio sets
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6.5 |
first radio stations
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retail stores
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newspapers
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schools and churches
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amateurs
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6.6 |
RCA would ultimately make US a commercially driven system of broadcasting
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7 |
Toll Broadcasting
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7.1 |
AT&T owned station WEAF (AM 660)
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7.2 |
based on "toll calling" principle
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7.3 |
sold first advertising in 1922
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Queensboro Real Estate Company
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Fifty dollar advertisement
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7.4 |
advertising became the primary revenue source for radio
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7.5 |
radio would become commercial
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8 |
Public Service Broadcasting
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8.1 |
BBC, 1922–23
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8.2 |
studied but spurned advertising supported model
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8.3 |
established a pubic radio monopoly
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8.4 |
supported by user license fees (usage fee)
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9 |
Network Broadcasting
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9.1 |
AT&T interconnected radio stations via telephone wires
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9.2 |
WNAC (Washington DC) aired programming originated on WEAF (1923)
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9.3 |
network stations
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owned and operated
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affiliated stations
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9.4 |
economies of scale
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expensive programming produced at a central location
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costs spread across many radio stations
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10 |
NBC
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10.1 |
National Broadcasting Company (1926)
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10.2 |
interconnected via AT&T telephone wires
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10.3 |
Dual network of radio stations
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Red: WEAF (AM 660, New York) and former AT&T stations
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Blue: WJZ (AM 770, Newark) and former "radio group" stations
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10.4 |
created a national culture over a local or regional broadcasting
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10.5 |
RCA purchased Victor Talking Machine Company: RCA-Victor (1929)
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11 |
CBS
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11.1 |
Arthur Judson & Columbia Phonograph Company
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entered broadcasting
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preempt RCA Victor's dominance in radio and music
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formed CPBS (1927)
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11.2 |
interconnected programming over Western Union telegraph network
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11.3 |
William Paley
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established a payment system called option time
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lured talent from NBC
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Jack Benny; Frank Sinatra; Burns and Allen
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12 |
Federal Communications Commission
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12.1 |
established 1927 by the Federal Radio Act
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12.2 |
revised 1934 changed name from Federal Radio Commission
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12.3 |
licensees did not own their channel
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mandated to serve "public interest, necessity and convenience"
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12.4 |
Option Time was outlawed
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12.5 |
chain broadcasting ruling
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1941
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forced NBC to sell Blue network
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Edward J. Noble formed ABC network
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13 |
Golden Age of Radio
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13.1 |
1930-1950
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13.2 |
national mass medium, surpassing the local
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variety programs
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studio audience quiz shows
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soap operas
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programs as cultural mirrors
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authoritative voice
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13.3 |
World War II
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advertising revenues doubled
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primary medium for information
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Edward R. Murrow broadcasts on CBS
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14 |
Television
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14.1 |
Introduced in 1939
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14.2 |
Post World War II
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14.3 |
Dominant form of broadcasting
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14.4 |
Radio networks redirect resources to television
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15 |
Radio Adapts to Television
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15.1 |
transistor radios
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transistors replaced de Forest-type vacuum tubes
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Texas Instruments introduced the transistor radio for $40
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15.2 |
disc jockeys
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program directos
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playlists
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rotation
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15.3 |
local focus
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bluegrass (South)
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blues (Chicago)
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country and western (rural)
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15.4 |
formats
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15.5 |
Contemporary Hit Radio
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Top 40
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like a jukebox
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Todd Storz, 1949
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dominant form from 1950s to 1970s
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16 |
Frequency Modulation
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16.1 |
Edwin Armstrong (1930–33)
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16.2 |
Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
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emphasized pitch over volume
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offered static-free reception
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16.3 |
higher fidelity but shorter range than AM
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16.4 |
RCA delayed introduction of FM (1935)
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16.5 |
Allocated frequencies expanded in 1960s
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16.6 |
segmented audience
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longer cuts
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targeted formats
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Top 40
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new wave
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metal
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punk soul
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classical
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jazz
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AOR
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16.7 |
FM would surpass AM radio in the 1970s
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17 |
Decline of Local DJs
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17.1 |
1990s
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17.2 |
centrally produced programming via satellite
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17.3 |
syndication
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17.4 |
consolidation
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1996 Telecommunication Act
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lifted national caps
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Clear Channel
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18 |
Digital Radio
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18.1 |
satellite radio
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18.2 |
Internet radio
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Pandora
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AOL Radio Network
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Yahoo's Launchcast
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Microsoft MSN Radio
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18.3 |
podcasting
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18.4 |
HD Radio
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19 |
Consolidation
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19.1 |
Telecommunications Act
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19.2 |
Group owner
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19.3 |
Cross ownership
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19.4 |
Advertising conglomerates
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Clear channel
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Ennis
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Citadel
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Entercom
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Cumulus
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20 |
Ratings
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20.1 |
audience research
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how many people are listening?
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demographics
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Arbitron
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portable people meters
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establish commercial attractiveness of new format
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21 |
Programming
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21.1 |
Non commercial radio
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Public broadcaster
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Low power radio
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21.2 |
Syndication
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21.3 |
Radio formats
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21.4 |
Format clock (aka "hot clock")
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21.5 |
Dayparts
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22 |
Regulation
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22.1 |
Public interest
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22.2 |
Ownership
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22.3 |
Localism
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22.4 |
Obscenity
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depicts sexual conduct in a way that appeals to sexual interests in a manner that is “patently offensive” to community standards, and lacks serious artistic, political, or scientific value.
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22.5 |
Indecency
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is graphic language that pertains to sexual or excretory functions.
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23 |
Licensing
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23.1 |
Copyrighted material
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23.2 |
Agencies
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ASCAP
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BMI
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23.3 |
licensing fees
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23.4 |
Internet streaming licensing
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