Topic
V 1 Early American Newspapers
* 1.1 needed blessing and approval from the British Crown
V 1.2 Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic (1690)
* Benjamin Harris
* scandalized stories
* shut down after one issue
V 1.3 Boston News-Letter (1704)
* John Campbell
* received blessing of the British Crown
* thrived for 72 years, until Independence
V 1.4 New England Courant
* James Franklin
* had no authority
* jailed and forbidden to publish
* passed to brother Benjamin
V 1.5 Pennsylvanian Gazette
* Ben Franklin's paper
* published articles about independence
V 2 Partisan Press
V 2.1 John Peter Zenger
* New York Weekly Journal
* openly criticized British governor of New York (1733)
* charged with libel
* argued that truth was the defense of libel
V 2.2 Benjamin Franklin
* Join or Die cartoon (1754)
* urged colonies to unite against the British
V 2.3 political press built support for the American revolution
* defined the role of the free press
* published Declaration of Independence (1776)
* covered debates over the Constitution (1787)
V 2.4 First Amendment
* protection of freedom of speech and freedom of the press
V 2.5 Sedition
* speech that undermines the government
V Alien and Sedition Act
* passed 1798
* Federalists
* combat opposition to going to war with France
* were not renewed in 1800
* functions as a limitation to a free press
V 3 Industrialization
V 3.1 technological innovations
* rotary press
* telegraph
V 3.2 lower cost
* price drops to one cent
V 3.3 broader audiences
* not just elites
* non-partisan
* urban audiences become newspapers readers
V 4 Penny Press
V 4.1 Newspapers become Mass Media
* mid-1800s
* United States and Britain
* reached larger audience
* reached across party lines
* spoke a common language
V 4.2 New York Sun
* launched 1833
* Benjamin Day
* sold for a penny
* advertising
* recruited newsboys
V 4.3 New York Herald
* launched 1858
* published news promptly
V daily coverage
* business
* sports
* women's news
V advertising
* classified advertising
* required new ads everyday
V 4.4 Telegraph
* Samuel Morse (1844)
* first time communication faster than travel
* increased speed and reach of news gathering
V 4.5 Associated Press
* wire services
* founded 1848
* New York newspapers share news
* sold news to distant newspapers
V 4.6 Civil War
* covered debate over slavery
* provided "immediate" news of the conflict
* expanded readership
V 5 New Journalism
V 5.1 competition
* large headlines
* gossip
* emotional pictures
V 5.2 coverage
* more news: latest event of the day
* less editorials and essays
V 5.3 anti-corruption
* New York Times (1870) campaigned against Boss Tweed
* Harpers Weekly political cartoons denounced corrupt politicians
V 5.4 photographs
* photographic printing (1880)
* text and photographs on the same page
V 6 Yellow Press
V 6.1 Circulation War
* William Randolph Hearst
* Joseph Pulitzer
* "Yellow Kid"
V 6.2 Pulitzer
* Hungarian immigrant
* St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1878)
V New York World
* purchased 1883
* underdog's newspaper
* hired Nellie Bly
V 6.3 Hearst
V bought New York Journal (1895)
* imitated success of Pulitzer
V Spanish-American War
* spectacular coverage of the USS Maine
* blamed Spanish for explosion in Havana
V 6.4 Competition
* revenue and profit based on advertising and subscriptions
V can't compete on price, compete with product
V sensational photos and headlines
* crime
* disaster
* scandals
* intrigue
* personality and human interest stories
* hoaxes and fake interviews
* formidable competition in over-saturated newspaper markets
V 6.5 Adolph Ochs
* bought New York Times (1896)
* deliberately avoided tactics of the Yellow press
V stressed objectivity
* reports for business, legal professions, political leaders
* book and theater reviews
* general audience and intellectuals
* "won't soil the breakfast cloth"
* introduced "inverted pyramid" style
V 6.6 Legacy
* muckrakers
* Progressive Era
* expose-and-reform cycle
V 7 Peak of American Newspapers
V 7.1 Between 1890 and 1920
* 1,967 English-language dailies
* 562 cities
* New York had 29 daily newspapers
V 7.2 major players
* Hearst
* Scripps-Howard
* Harry Chandler (Times-Mirror)
* Frank Gannett (Gannett)
* John Knight (Knight-Ridder)
V 7.3 mergers and consolidation
* many newspapers closed after 1920
* concerns about monopolies and oligopolies
V news wire services
* Associated Press
* United Press
* International News Service
V 7.4 Social Responsibility
* monitor the ethics of their own writing
* professionalization
* college education
* code of ethics
V 8 Competition
V 8.1 radio
* late 1920s
* more current headlines
V 8.2 Interpretative Journalism
* Walter Winchell
V "Responsibilities of the Press"
* to make a current record
* to make a running analysis
* on the basis of both, to suggest plans
V 8.3 television
* could show pictures, like newspapers
* newspapers remained social and political institutions
V 9 Watchdog role
* 9.1 Cuban Missile Crisis
* 9.2 Pentagon Papers
* 9.3 Watergate
V 10 Newspapers in the Information Age
V 10.1 Reinvention
* economic downtown
* mergers financed by debt
* online advertising sapping newspaper revenues
* readers migrate online
V 10.2 online news
* search engines
* news aggregators
* blogs
* social networking sites
V 10.3 online revenues
* licensing news content
V user fees
* known as "pay walls"
* Wall Street Journal
* New York Times
* Smartphones and Tablet apps