Juan Monroy — Books

Development Stage
- papyrus
  - Egyptians (2400 BCE)
  - later adopted by
    - Greeks
    - Romans
  - paper is permanence!
- clay
  - Babylonians (2400 BCE)
- wood/bamboo
  - Chinese (1000 BCE)
- cotton/linen
- parchment
  - dried and stretched animal skins
  - Greeks (650 BCE) & Romans (300 BCE)
- Print
  - Chinese printing press
  - Korean movable type
  - Gutenberg’s mechanical movable type, c. 1455
Entrepreneurial Stage
- Illuminated Manuscripts
  - Christians during the Middle Ages (400 - 1500 CE)
  - lettered, decorated, and hand-bound
  - scribes: priest and monks
- Mechanical Block Printing
  - Gutenberg printing press 1453–1456
    - moveable type
    - 2,200 copies of the Latin Bible, printed on calf-skin parchment (vellum)
  - established prototype for mass production of books
    - early books: large, elaborate, and expensive, taking months to illustrate and publish
    - printers reduced the size of books and developed less expensive grades of paper -> making them cheaper
    - effect: “social identities were no longer solely dependent on what their leaders told them or on the habits of their families, communities, or social class”
- Vernacular language
  - Local languages
  - Not just Latin, language of the Roman Catholic Church
- Religious Books
  - Prayer books
  - Hymnals
  - Bay Psalm Book (1640)
- Challenge of Authority
  - Martin Luther 95 Theses
  - Church and indulgences
  - Protestant Reformation
- Enlightenment
  - Discovery of the New World
  - Encyclopedie (Diderot and Le Rond d’Alembert)
  - Rational thought
  - philosophy and science
  - sovereignty
Mass Market Stage
- Industrialization
  - Machine-made paper replaced handmade varieties
  - Cloth replaced Leather covers
- Linotype
  - printer with typewriter-like keyboard
  - speed up typestting
- Offset Printing www.google.com—url <http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=video&cd=2&ved=0CEYQtwI wAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdR0R7FYhQxw &rct=j&q=offset%20printing&ei=Fim_TOOfH8L58Ab_8MC7Bg&usg=AFQjC NHEv-Nfwot0OHizJ6iZSI6u3Y3JNw&cad=rja>
  - photographic plates
  - easier to print color/illustrations
  - accelerating production
  - lowering cost of printing
- Paperback covers became viable
  - Erastus and Irwin Beadle: dime novels in 1860 (costing 5–10¢)
  - By 1885, one third of all books sold in the US were popular paperbacks and dime novels
  - Pulp Fiction: first true mass market book
- dime novels
- First Wave of Publishers (1820s–1860s)
  - J. B. Lippincott (1792)
  - Harper & Bros. (1817), which became Harper & Row in 1962 and HarperCollins in 1990
  - Houghton Mifflin (1832)
  - Little, Brown (1837)
  - G. P. Putnam (1838)
  - Scribner’s (1842)
  - E. P. Dutton (1852)
  - Rand McNally (1856)
  - Macmillan (1869)
- Urbanization
  - part of growing urban society
  - wave of immigration (1880s–1920s)
  - new breed of publishers emerged
- Second Wave (1900s - 1920s)
  - Doubleday & McClure Company (1897)
  - The McGraw-Hill Book Company (1909)
  - Prentice-Hall (1913)
  - Alfred A. Knopf (1915)
  - Simon & Schuster (1924)
  - Random House (1925)
  - appeared in the 1840s
  - cheap literature
  - cheap paper
Types of Books
- Trade
  - mass-market, large audiences
  - adult trade books
  - juvenile
- Professional
  - not for general readership
  - specialized occupations
- Textbooks
  - growth in early 19th century
  - McGuffey Reader (1836–1920)
  - Texas and California have statewide adoption
  - subsidized by local and state school districts
- College Textbooks
  - college enrollments due to the GI Bill
  - high costs for students
  - students finding online alternative outlets
- Mass Market Paperbacks
  - Pocket Books (1939)
  - low-priced (~$10)
  - instant books
  - drugstores, supermarkets, and airports
- Religious
  - Bible is best selling book ever
  - sell best during turbulent social times
- Reference
  - encyclopedias
  - dictionaries
  - atlases
  - almanacs
  - legal casebooks, medical manuals
  - encyclopedias and dictionaries
- University-Scholarly Press
  - smallest market
  - specialized intellectual areas
  - helpful in professors securing tenure
  - small output
  - extending the mission of the university
Convergence Stage
- Big Publishers
  - Pearson
  - Reed Elsevier
  - ThomsonReuters
  - Wolters Kluwer
  - Random House
  - Hachette Livre
- Desktop Publishing
  - computers
  - WYSIWYG software
  - laser printers
- E-Books
  - As old as computers themselves
  - Dedicated reader hardware made easier
  - bold predictions: “ebooks maybe an added format not a substitute for printed books”
- Where Books are Sold
  - Bookstores
  - Book Clubs & Mail Order
  - Online Booksellers
- Books and New(er) Media
  - Television Promotion
  - Movie Subsidiary Rights
  - Audiobooks
  - E-Books