|
 
|
1 |
Computers and the Military
|
|
|
|
1.1 |
electronic computer
|
|
|
|
John Vincent Atanasoff
|
|
|
|
World War II
|
|
|
|
deployed for military use
|
|
|
|
1.2 |
Colossus
|
|
|
|
British Secret Service
|
|
|
|
Alan Turing
|
|
|
|
crack Nazi codes
|
|
|
|
1.3 |
ENIAC
|
|
|
|
electronic numerical integrator and calculator
|
|
|
|
processed calculations for the hydrogen bomb
|
|
|
|
1.4 |
SAGE Air Defense
|
|
|
|
Wide Area Network (WAN)
|
|
|
|
modems
|
|
|
|
warned of coming Russian bombers
|
|
|
|
1.5 |
Livermore California atomic weapon lab
|
|
|
|
linked computers
|
|
|
|
local area network
|
|
|
|
2 |
Advanced Research Projects Agency
|
|
|
|
2.1 |
branch of Defense department
|
|
|
|
2.2 |
started in 1958 in response to Sputnik launching
|
|
|
|
2.3 |
cooperated with research universities
|
|
|
|
2.4 |
headed by J.C.R. Licklider
|
|
|
|
3 |
ARPANET
|
|
|
|
3.1 |
distributed network
|
|
|
|
computer network
|
|
|
|
decentralized
|
|
|
|
designed to survive nuclear attack
|
|
|
|
3.2 |
first connection
|
|
|
|
between UCLA and Stanford
|
|
|
|
November 1969
|
|
|
|
message: "login"
|
|
|
|
resulted in both computers crashing
|
|
|
|
3.3 |
first public demonstration in 1972
|
|
|
|
email communication
|
|
|
|
*internetting*: a network of networks
|
|
|
|
4 |
Technical Standards
|
|
|
|
4.1 |
"Esperanto for machines"
|
|
|
|
4.2 |
packet switching
|
|
|
|
Paul Baran
|
|
|
|
fundamental mode of communication for the Internet
|
|
|
|
4.3 |
TCP/IP
|
|
|
|
Vincent Cerf
|
|
|
|
4.4 |
Internet names and numbers
|
|
|
|
Jon Postel
|
|
|
|
4.5 |
electronic mail
|
|
|
|
Ray Tomlinson
|
|
|
|
5 |
Alto
|
|
|
|
5.1 |
Xerox PAC
|
|
|
|
5.2 |
first personal computer
|
|
|
|
5.3 |
1973
|
|
|
|
5.4 |
desktop metaphor
|
|
|
|
5.5 |
Ethernet
|
|
|
|
high-speed LAN
|
|
|
|
Bob Metcalfe
|
|
|
|
6 |
Altair 8800
|
|
|
|
6.1 |
microcomputer, 1975
|
|
|
|
6.2 |
mail order
|
|
|
|
6.3 |
Altair BASIC
|
|
|
|
written by Bill Gates
|
|
|
|
Microsoft's first product
|
|
|
|
6.4 |
specs
|
|
|
|
Intel 8080 processor
|
|
|
|
256 bytes
|
|
|
|
front panel with lights
|
|
|
|
$400 kit. assembled for $500.
|
|
|
|
6.5 |
Apple II
|
|
|
|
personal computer, 1977
|
|
|
|
Steve Jobs and Wozniak
|
|
|
|
6.6 |
Macintosh
|
|
|
|
1984
|
|
|
|
graphic user interface
|
|
|
|
Hypercard
|
|
|
|
linking on keywords or icons
|
|
|
|
7 |
Prestel
|
|
|
|
7.1 |
1979
|
|
|
|
7.2 |
Great Britain
|
|
|
|
7.3 |
Videotex
|
|
|
|
TV set displays
|
|
|
|
text only
|
|
|
|
8 |
Bulletin Board Systems
|
|
|
|
8.1 |
exchange email
|
|
|
|
8.2 |
post opinions
|
|
|
|
8.3 |
upload and download information
|
|
|
|
9 |
Closed Networks
|
|
|
|
9.1 |
BITNET
|
|
|
|
email for university professors
|
|
|
|
9.2 |
USENET
|
|
|
|
discussion group system
|
|
|
|
10 |
NSFNet
|
|
|
|
10.1 |
National Science Foundation
|
|
|
|
10.2 |
1986
|
|
|
|
10.3 |
merged existing networks
|
|
|
|
11 |
Commercial Internet
|
|
|
|
11.1 |
NSF withdrew funding
|
|
|
|
11.2 |
opened network to commercial users in 1991
|
|
|
|
11.3 |
post Cold War
|
|
|
|
12 |
World Wide Web
|
|
|
|
12.1 |
Tim Berners-Lee
|
|
|
|
12.2 |
1991
|
|
|
|
12.3 |
hypertext markup language
|
|
|
|
12.4 |
World Wide Web
|
|
|
|
linked documents
|
|
|
|
transporting text documents across computer networks
|
|
|
|
13 |
Mosaic
|
|
|
|
13.1 |
Mark Anderseen
|
|
|
|
13.2 |
University of Illinois
|
|
|
|
13.3 |
first graphical world wide web browser
|
|
|
|
13.4 |
average computer user could browse the web
|
|
|
|
13.5 |
basis for Netscape (eventually Firefox)
|
|
|
|
14 |
Internet Boom
|
|
|
|
14.1 |
Netscape had 50 million users
|
|
|
|
14.2 |
America Online
|
|
|
|
14.3 |
Amazon.com
|
|
|
|
electronic bookstore
|
|
|
|
Jeff Bezos
|
|
|
|
14.4 |
eBay
|
|
|
|
online auction
|
|
|
|
14.5 |
Yahoo
|
|
|
|
Internet directory and portal
|
|
|
|
14.6 |
Google
|
|
|
|
search engine
|
|
|
|
15 |
Bust
|
|
|
|
15.1 |
AOL-Time Warner merger
|
|
|
|
15.2 |
Netscape displaced by Internet Explorer
|
|
|
|
dominance of Windows
|
|
|
|
it was free
|
|
|
|
15.3 |
bubble burst
|
|
|
|
15.4 |
2001 recession
|
|
|
|
16 |
Trends
|
|
|
|
16.1 |
Moore's Law
|
|
|
|
processing power doubles
|
|
|
|
16.2 |
Metcalfe's Law
|
|
|
|
value of the Internet increases rapidly with the number of users
|
|
|
|
16.3 |
Processing power
|
|
|
|
in the past, to make computers more powerful
|
|
|
|
MHz-GHz battle
|
|
|
|
recently, the trend has reversed to make them more compact and efficient
|
|
|
|
17 |
Presence of Computers
|
|
|
|
17.1 |
iPod
|
|
|
|
17.2 |
DVR
|
|
|
|
17.3 |
LCD screens
|
|
|
|
17.4 |
convergence
|
|
|
|
18 |
Control
|
|
|
|
18.1 |
content restrictions
|
|
|
|
Communications Decency Act
|
|
|
|
ban indecent material
|
|
|
|
ruled unconstitutional
|
|
|
|
cyberstalking
|
|
|
|
cyberbullying
|
|
|
|
gaming addiction
|
|
|
|
18.2 |
political communication
|
|
|
|
politically obscene
|
|
|
|
France's ban
|
|
|
|
Nazi souvenirs
|
|
|
|
China's ban
|
|
|
|
government criticism
|
|
|
|
Pro-Tibetan websites
|
|
|
|
North Korean
|
|
|
|
access to the outside world
|
|
|
|
18.3 |
intellectual property
|
|
|
|
18.4 |
network access
|
|
|
|
"digital divide"
|
|
|
|
limited access to Internet for poor
|
|
|
|
18.5 |
international oversight
|
|
|
|
Internet Architecture Board
|
|
|
|
Internet Engineering Task Force
|
|
|
|
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
|
|
|
|
19 |
Internet and Social Media
|
|
|
|
19.1 |
Web 2.0
|
|
|
|
Facebook
|
|
|
|
Twitter
|
|
|
|
YouTube
|
|
|
|
Flickr
|
|
|
|
Wikipedia
|
|
|
|
19.2 |
New Media
|
|
|
|
inexpensive production costs
|
|
|
|
interactive
|
|
|
|
social
|
|
|
|
19.3 |
Walled Garden
|
|
|
|
sandboxed access apps
|
|
|
|
open Internet is off limits
|
|
|
|
20 |
Impact on Mass Media
|
|
|
|
20.1 |
Advertising
|
|
|
|
Google
|
|
|
|
20.2 |
Classified Advertising
|
|
|
|
Craig's List
|
|
|
|
20.3 |
Recording Industry
|
|
|
|
20.4 |
Print
|
|
|
|
21 |
Review
|
|
|
|
21.1 |
Electronic Publishing
|
|
|
|
21.2 |
Entertainment
|
|
|
|
21.3 |
Online Games
|
|
|
|
21.4 |
Portals
|
|
|
|
21.5 |
Search Engines
|
|
|
|
21.6 |
Social Media
|
|
|
|
21.7 |
Blogs
|
|
|
|
21.8 |
Electronic Commerce
|
|
|
|
21.9 |
Approaches to the Web
|
|
|